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Payment cards are plastic cards that enable cashless payments. They are simple embossed plastic card that authenticates the card holder on behalf of card issuing company, which allows the user to make use of various financial services.

Electronic cash is (E-Cash) is a currency that flows in the form of data. It converts the cash value into a series of encrypted sequence numbers, and uses these serial numbers to represent the market value of various currencies in reality.

Mobile Banking operations can be implemented in the following ways:

1. Contacting the call center.

2. Automatic IVR telephone service.

3. Using a mobile phone via SMS.

4. WAP technology

5. Using smartphone applications.

Virtual Payment Address(VPA)

Immediate Payment Service

global and local

UPI applications 2 types of address.

1. m-banking

2. virtual banking

3. One-Time Password

4. Personal Identification Number

5. Automated Clearing Home

6. Indian Financial System Code

1. Immediate money transfers through mobile device round the clock 24 × 7.

2. Can use single mobile application for accessing multiple bank accounts,

3. Single Click Authentication for transferring of fund.

4. It is not required to enter the details such as Card no, Account number, IFSC etc. for every transaction.

5. Electronic payments will become much easier without requiring a digital wallet or credit or debit card.

local address in UPI is a virtual payment address

As the value of altcoins becomes 0 it is considered as dead.

ECS debit:

ECS debit is an inverse of ECS credit. It is used for bulk collection of amounts. In this mode, multiple accounts are debited and then a single account is credited. This type of transactions are Pull transactions. Example: The insurance premium of bulk number of customers.

1. Mobile Banking Personal Identification Number

2. Unstructured Supplementary Service Data

3. Cash on Delivery

4. Bharat Interface for Money

5. National Payments Corporation of India

Unified Payments Interface

1. Reserve Bank of India

2. Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology

Cryptocurrency:

• People have always valued unique and irreplaceable things. A unique thing always has a demand and acclaims a price.
• A cryptocurrency is a unique virtual (digital) asset designed to work as a medium of exchange using cryptographic algorithm.
• This algorithm secures the transactions by recording it in blockchain and controls the creation of additional units of the currency.
• Cryptocurrency is also called as cryptocoins, ecash, alternative currencies or virtual currencies and are classified as a subset of digital currencies.
• Cryptocurrency can be defined as distributed accounting system based on cryptography, storing information about the state of ownership in conventional units.
• The state of ownership of a cryptocurrency is related to individual system blocks called “portfolios”.
• Only the holder of the corresponding private key would have control over a given portfolio and it is impossible to issue the same unit twice.
• The function of cryptocurrency is based on technologies such as Mining, Blockchain, Directed Acyclic Graph, Distributed register (ledger), etc. The information about the . transaction is usually not encrypted and is available in clear text.

Bitcoin:

Bitcoin is the most popular and the first decentralized cryptocurrency. Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency, but there are many other cryptocurrencies, which are referred to as “altcoins”.

Altcoins:

1. Altcoins is the collective name for all cryptocurrencies that appeared after Bitcoin. The early Altcoins Litecoin and Namecoin appeared in 2011.

2. From 2014, the 2nd generation of cryptocurrency appeared, such as Monero, Ethereum and Nxt. These crypto-coins have advanced features such as hidden addresses and smart contracts.

3. In terms of trade, the creation of cryptocurrencies may be related to the ICO (Initial Coin Offer) procedure.

Block chain:

• Block chains are an open distributed book that records transactions of cryptocurrencies between any two parties in an efficient and verifiable manner.
• It is a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked to each other and protected using encryption algorithm. Each block typically contains a hash pointer as a link to a previous block. It records data about every transaction with its date and time.
• Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered without the alteration of all subsequent blocks.

Guru Angad Dev Ji further promoted the Langar system or Pangat, which was established by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. This system worked with the voluntary support of his Sikh followers. Bibi Khiwi, wife of Guru Angad Dev Ji, managed the Pangat System with full devotion.

Each block in the block chain contains hash

Guru Amar Das Ji had composed fresh Bani called Anand Sahib. Guru Sahib had composed the Anand Sahib at the time of birth of his grandson named Anand. It has forty hymns. Guru Amar Das Ji instructed his Sikh followers to sing Anand Sahib on the happy occasions in their lives like birth, marriage or any other similar occasion. After the composition of Anand Sahib, the need of Vedic hymns for Sikh community completely ended. The Sikhs sing the hymns of Anand Sahib on the occasions of happiness in their lives upto this day.

Guru Angad Dev Ji gave the message of peace and brotherhood and dealt a severe blow to the caste system among the Sikhs.

(d) Block chains

Baba Sri Chand, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, had founded the Udasi sect. He praised the life of an ascetic (monk or sanyasi). This idea of spiritual ascetic life was against the fundamental teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Guru Angad Dev Ji made it clear to the Sikhs that the Sikh religion was a religion of the householders and not of the monks who broke the family ties for their spiritual life. There was no place for ascetics in the Sikh religion. Guru Sahib also declared that a Sikh who adopted a life of an ascetic was not a true Sikh. In this manner, Guru Sahib separated the Sikhs from the Udasis and consolidated the foundations of Sikh religion.

Bhai Lehna (Guru Angad Dev Ji) was married to Bibi Khivi.

Baba Sri Chand, the elder son of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, established the Udasi Sect.

Bhai Lehna Ji was the earlier name of Guru Angad Dey Ji.

Khadoor Sahib in Amritsar district.

Correct option is (c) Swatantryaveer Savarkar

Factors affecting viscosity 

• Nature of liquid – stronger the intermolecular forces of attraction, higher is the viscosity.
• Temperature – viscosity decreases on increasing the temperature.

The name of the father of Bhai Lehna (Guru Angad Dev Ji) was Pheruman.

Water has a concave meniscus whereas mercury has a convex meniscus . In case of water, adhesive forces are stronger than cohesive forces. In case of mercury, cohesive forces are stronger than adhesive forces.

• Cohesive forces – Attractive forces existing between molecules of same substance e.g. between water molecules or mercury molecules.

• Adhesive forces – Attractive forces existing between molecules of different substances like water and glass or mercury and glass.

i. Spherical shape of liquid drops – Surface tension tries to decrease the surface area of a liquid to minimum. Since for a given volume of liquid, sphere has the minimum surface area so liquid drops acquire spherical shape.

ii. Capillary action – Rise of liquid in capillary is due to the surface tension which pushes the liquid into the capillary tube.

In the personality of every individual, there is a great reservoir of unused power.

Correct answer is (a) ruins

The earlier name of Guru Angad Dev Ji was Bhai Lehna.

Correct answer is (b) aunt’s

Correct option is B. The dumb

Bhai Bidhi Chand, Bhai Pheru, Bhai Jetha and Bhai Paindal.

Vapour Pressure : pressure exerted by the vapour present above the liquid in equilibrium with the liquid at that temperature.

Guru Teg Bahadur Ji started his tour of Malwa region in 1673. Guru Sahib’s wife Mata Gujari and his son Gobind Ji also accompanied him.

1. Guru Sahib made his first stop at Saifabad. It was his second visit to this place. The people of Saifabad gave a warm welcome to Guru Sahib. They arranged for the stay of Guru Sahib and his family in a fortress. Guru Sahib stayed there for three months. When Guru Sahib left the place for onward journey, Saifudin presented a strong horse to Guru Sahib and a camel buggy for Mata Gujari Ji.

2. After leaving Saifabad, Guru Teg Bahadur Ji visited villages and cities situated in Malwa and Bangar regions of Punjab. According to one scholar, Guru Sahib visited ten places. The main places, which Guru Sahib visited were Mulowal, Khiyala, Maund, Talwandi Sabo, Bhatinda, etc. All these places have Gurudwaras in the memory of the visit of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji. Guru Sahib got dug a well at Mulowal in order to overcome the scarcity of water in the region. Other villages, which Guru Sahib visited were quite backward in many respects. Guru Sahib helped those villages to overcome their hardships. Guru Sahib toured those regions from 1673 to 1675 and spread the message of Sikh religion among the people.

Effects: The tours of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji immensely influenced the people of the Malwa region.

• The landlords of Malwa region started treating the farmers humanly under the influence of the polite nature of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji.
• Guru Sahib had established many centres of religious preaching at different places. His impressive personality and sweet voice swayed the people of the region and they adopted Sikh religion.
• A new awareness came among the people of the region due to his religious discourses. They were imbued with new religious fervour and became fearless and courageous. The rising enthusiasm and unity among his Sikh followers started giving nightmares and headaches to the Mughal administration.

i. Nature of liquid – Weaker the intermolecular forces of attraction in a liquid, higher is the vapour pressure.

ii. Temperature – Vapour pressure increases with increase in temperature.

Normal boiling point – Boiling temperature under 1 atm pressure

Standard boiling point – Boiling temperature under 1 bar pressure 

For H₂O : Normal boiling point = 100°C (373 K)

Standard boiling point = 99.6°C (372.6 K)

• a : It is a measure of magnitude of intermolecular attractive forces within the gas.

Greater the value of 'a', stronger are the intermolecular forces of attraction and gas can be liquefied more easily.

• b : It is a measure of the effective size of the gas molecules.

It is related to incompressible volume of the molecules.

Units of 'a' and 'b’

\(a=\frac{P\times V^2}{n^2}\) = atm L² mol^-2 or bar dm⁶ mo^-2

^{\(b=\frac{V}n\) =} L mol^-1 or dm³ mol^-1

Almast, Phul, Gonda and Baluj Hassan.

Baba Gurditta Ji.

Bairagi Bhagat Gir, Bhai Sangta, Bhai Gauda and Bhai Bhagtu.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji wrote Zafarnama to Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.

Every individual has an immense store of unused power. By using this store, weak personalities can become strong.

Jahangir was irritated by his New Policy.

1. Partnership is an association of two or more persons. The maximum number of partners is limited to 50. 

2. There should be an agreement among the persons to share the profit or loss of the business. The agreement may be oral or written or implied.

3. The agreement must be to carry on a business and to share the profits of the business.

4. The business may be carried on by all the partners or any of them acting for all.

The contents of partnership deed are: 

1. The name of the firm and nature and place of business. 

2. Date of commencement and duration of business. 

3. Names and address of all partners. 

4. Capital contributed by each partner. 

5. Profit sharing ratio.

6. Amount of drawings allowed to each partner.

Dissolution of Partnership is different from the dissolution of partnership firm. It is due to the fact that when the jurally relation present between all partners, comes to an end, it is known as dissolution of firm, however, when any one of the partners become incapacitated, then the partnership between the concerned partner and other partners of the firm, comes to an end, but the firm may continue to operate, if other partners desire so.