Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

• The following measures along with numerous policies are considered by the government to reduce regional imbalance.
• The underdeveloped regions are identified and its economic, physical and social reasons for the non-development are studied.
• Regions which require monetary support in a particular sector or field are funded through sector-wise investments to improve the conditions.
• Subsidies are given to certain sectors. Investment is made for improvements of roads, schools, agriculture, irrigation, industries, housing, medical and health facilities, etc.
• Special attention is given to areas facing problems such as frequent droughts, deserts or hilly and tribal-dominated areas.
• The very important strategy to reduce regional imbalances is decentralisation of industries.

Exam nerves are indications of fear that occur before or during test situations.

1. Many Village Panchayats join to form a Panchayat Union.

2. A Councillor is elected from each Panchayat.

3. These councillors will elect a Panchayat Union Chairperson among themselves.

4. A Vice-Chairperson is also elected.

5. A Block Development Officer (BDO) is the administrative head of a Panchayat Union.

1. A City Municipal Corporation has a Commissioner. He is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer.

2. Government officials are deputed as Commissioners for the Municipalities.

3. The Administrative officer of a Municipality is an Executive Officer (EO).

All local bodies have a reservation of percent for women 33

C₅H₁₀ 

The compounds have a double bond.

The indicators of educational achievement in a country are:

• Adult literacy level
• Primary education completion rate.
•  Youth literacy rate.

There is great regional differences in educational attainment in India. Some states like:

• Kerala
• Tamil Nadu and Uttaranchal have higher literally rates. While states like:
• Bihar
• Rajasthan
• UP (Uttar Pradesh)
• Arunachal Pradesh has low literacy rates. This is due to inequalities in income and wealth on large scale also lack investment by Government on education.

1. The people of these states give less importance to education and are mainly employed in agricultural sector or informal sector that has very less to do with education.

2. The people among these states suffer due to lack of proper incentives for educational development.

3. The Government focuses more on metropolitan cities rather than the rural backward areas.

4. Availability of resources In India there are wide disparities in states in terms of availability of resources, availability of schools, colleges, and awareness for education, etc. Hence this is also one of the reasons responsible for the present regional differences in educational attainment.

5. Lack of proper implementation of Government policies. In some of states of India either the benefits of Government policies on education do not reach or if they reach, there is lack of proper implementation. Consequently, the children of these states are deprived of even elementary education.

Investment in human capital contributes growth by: 

1. Raisins productivity: 

The skilled and healthy labours make utilisation of the material inputs and capital effectively which increases productivity and ultimately faster the rate of growth.

2. Innovation :

An educated person has the ability to develop new skills and innovative new techniques that can be more efficient and productive and adds to economic growth.

3. Hish participation rate:

If more people become able to do work through education and health, it will increase the participation rate of people which will accelerate the process of economic growth and development

a. Human capital:

1. Human capital considers education and health as a means to increase labour productivity. It is narrow concepts which treat human beings as means to achieve an end which is higher productivity. Investment in education converts human beings into human capital.

2. Human capital represents enhance labour productivity, which is an acquired ability and an outcome of deliberate investment divisions with the expectations that it will increase future income sources.

3. Human capital treats human beings as a means to an end, the end being the increase in productivity.

b. Human development: 

1. It is based on the idea that education and wealth are integral to human well being because only when people have the ability to read and write and the ability to lead a long and healthy life, they will be able to make other choices which they value.

2. Human development treats human beings as ends in themselves because human welfare should be increased through investment in education and health even if such investment does not result in higher labour productivity.

1. Health Infrastructure

2. Expenditure on education.

The Source of human capital formation: 

1. Health Infrastructure or Investment on Health:

The various forms of health expenditures are as follows:

• Preventive medicine – vaccinations to prevent deadly diseases.
• Curative medicine – obtaining medical treatment during illness.
• Social medicine – spread of awareness about keeping good wealth and its importance.
• Provision of clean drinking water and good sanitation 

The healthy individuals are source of human capital as they directly contribute for regular and higher productivity of labour. A sick labourer without access to medical facilities has to remain absent from work. This leads to loss of productivity. Hence expenditure on health is an important source of human capital formation.

2. Expenditure on Education:

Investment in education is considered as one of the main sources of human capital formation. Spending on education by individuals is similar to spending on capital goods by companies to increase their profits in future. Similarly, the individuals invest in education in order to increase their earnings in the form of money income in future.

Investment on education also promotes individual development which ultimately promotes overall economic growth of the country. The investment on education by an individual provides following benefits:

• Provide source of knowledge and enhance skills among individuals.
• Improve efficiency of labour
• They will be eligible for high salaried jobs.
• The ordinary individual will turn into essential human capital for economic growth.

Education strongly influences improvement in

• health
• hygiene
• demographic profile
• productivity and quality of life.

Education is an important input for the development of a nation because:

• It provides necessary knowledge and skills to people which helps in increasing their productivity. 
• It creates social awareness and develops mental abilities of people to make right choice at the time of need.
• It enhances the earnings capacity of an individual which ultimately improve the quality of living of people.
• An educated person understands the problems of population growth which brings decline in population growth rate. This makes more resources available per person.
• It helps in acceptance of modernisation and modem techniques which gives boost in development of a nation.

The role of education in the economic development of a nation are:

1. Knowledge and skills:

It provided people of quality skills and knowledge which enhances their productivity. This gives a greater opportunity to do work and earn high income.

2. Acceptability of modem method: 

An educated individual is more able to adapt with new modem techniques which boost the economy of a nation.

3. Eradication of inequality:

Education proves to be an effective tool for reducing inequality. It increases the income earning capacity of economically backward sections of people in a country which reduces the slanted distribution of income.

4. Innovation:

An educated person has the ability to develop new skills and innovate new techniques that can be more efficient and productive which helps in the economic development of a nation.

5. Participation rate:

If a nation has more educated workforce, it will increase the participation rate of people which will accelerate the development of nation.

The cohesive forces in mercury are much stronger than the force of adhesion between glass and mercury. Therefore, mercury-glass contact angle is greater than 90°. As a result, the vertical component of the surface tension force acts vertically downward, thereby lowering the level of mercury volume in the capillary tube.

The pressure that each individual gas would exert if it were alone in the container is called as partial pressure.

Liquids like ether and acetone are highly volatile (high vapour pressure under room temperature conditions). The rate of evaporation depends upon temperature. Therefore, such liquids are kept in cool places (low temperatures) to minimise the loss due to evaporation.

Liquids like ether and acetone are highly volatile (high vapour pressure under room temperature conditions). The rate of evaporation depends upon temperature. Therefore, such liquids are kept in cool places (low temperature) to minimize the loss due to evaporation.

• The Judiciary has always taken into consideration the fundamental objectives of the Constitution and also the intention of its framers. 
• While interpreting the Constitution, it has taken care that its basic structure is not altered as Constitution is foundation of our democracy. 
• The important role played by judiciary is in strengthening and helping democracy to achieve the objectives of social justice and equality.

This is because all gases condense to liquids or solids before this temperature is reached.

Characteristic physical properties of the gases :

• Gases are lighter than solids and liquids (i.e., possess lower density).
• Gases do not possess a fixed volume and shape. They occupy entire space available and take the shape of the container.
• Gas molecules are widely separated and are in continuous, random motion. Therefore, gases exert pressure equally in all directions due to collision of gas molecules, on the walls of the container.
• In case of gases, intermolecular forces are weakest.
• Gases possess the property of diffusion, which is a spontaneous homogeneous inter mixing of two or more gases.
• Gases are highly compressible. 

When you drink through a straw, the pressure inside the straw reduces (as the air is withdraw by mouth) and the liquid is pushed up to your mouth by atmospheric pressure. 

Thus,

Drinking with a straw makes use of pressure difference to force the liquid into your mouth. 

So, if the pressure difference is less it will be difficult to drink through a straw. 

On the top of the Mount Everest, atmospheric pressure is very low. 

Hence,

It will be difficult to drink water with a straw on the top of Mount Everest as compared to at the base.

Water will boil at higher temperature at sea level.

Intermolecular attraction.

Boiling point increases as prevailing pressure increases.

Coal and Petroleum.

Formed from the degradation of biomass millions of years ago.

a – ii, 

b – iii

Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a Chairman and Ward Councilors. Membership consists of a minimum of ten elected ward members and three nominated members. The Councilors or Ward members are chosen in the direct election from wards and their term is 5 years.

1. Higher government floor price for sugarcane and wheat.

2. Guaranteed supply of electricity at reasonable rates.

The activities conducted by Bharatiya Kisan Union led to pressure on the government. The BKU held rallies, demonstrations and jail bharo agitations thereby conducting a mass movement against the government. These protests involved tens of thousands of farmers – sometimes over a lakh – from various villages in western Uttar Pradesh and adjoining regions. BKU functioned as a non-political pressure group by having its members pressurize the elected representatives.

Unification of Britain:
In Britain, the formation of the nation states was the
result of long drawn out process. Primary identities of the people were ethnic ones. AII ethnic groups such as English, Welsh Scot or Irish had their own cultural and political traditions.
The English nation steadily grew in wealth and power. It was able to extend influence over the other nations. The Act of Union 1707 between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Unification of Germany : 
Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class farmers. In 1848, they tried to unify Germany into a nation. This feeling was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military. 
From then on Prussia took on the leadership of unification of Germany. Its Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck was the architect of this process. He took the help of military and bureaucracy. 

Three wars over seven years ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.The Prussian king William-I was proclaimed German Emperor in January 1871.

Nationalism developed through culture in Europe:
(i) Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation, art, and poetry, stories and music helped to express and shape nationalist feelings.
(ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. Romantic artists and poets generally criticized the glorification of reason and science and focussed instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.
(iii) German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people- das Volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of a nation was popularised.
(iv) The emphasis on vernacular language and the collection of local folklore was used to carry the modern nationalist message to large audiences who
were mostly illiterates.

The four main cities of the Terai region are Sialkot, Kangra, Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur.

The rivers of Punjab always stopped the march of the invaders of India. When the rivers were in flood in the rainy season, they expanded in the vast area and it became impossible to cross them. Undoubtedly, it was the reason that Alexander was held back for many days on the banks of river Jhelum before crossing it because it was in flood. These rivers proved unsurmountable hurdles for many invaders.

The rivers of Punjab had also been used as the natural boundaries for administrative purposes. The Mughal rulers divided the areas of the administrative units like Sarkars, Parganas, and Subas by adopting the rivers as the boundaries. The rivers of Punjab had made its land fertile and brought its people wealth and prosperity. Had the rivers not brought the alluvial soil from the high mountains to the plains, Punjab would not have any fertile land.

1. Cyclical Unemployment

2. Depression

3. Inflation

4. National Income

5. Utility

6. Personal Income

7. Personal Disposable Income

8. Money Income

9. Individual Wants

10. Micro Economics

11. Kautilya

12. Luxuries

13. Necessities

14. Unearned Income

15. Economic growth

16. Entrepreneur

Economic effect

Types of Industrial unemployment: 

(i) Technological unemployment: 

Due to the introduction of new machines or new technology, when some workers are removed from their jobs due to lack of proper training. E.g. computerization, the introduction of robotic technology, etc.

(ii) Frictional unemployment: 

When due to the breakdown of machines, shortage of raw materials, strikes, power failure, etc. some workers are removed from the jobs, there is said to be frictional unemployment. This is temporary in nature.

(iii) Cyclical unemployment: 

During an economic recession, there is a slowdown of economic activities due to a fall in overall demand. Therefore, factory owners remove some workers from their jobs to cut down the cost such unemployment caused due to depression (trade cycle) is called cyclical unemployment.

(iv) Structural unemployment: 

It takes place due to structural changes in the economy i.e when due to change in the complete business set up, some workers are removed from their jobs, there is said to be structural unemployment. E.g. introduction of power looms instead of handlooms. It is longterm in nature.

The factors that made barter system limited and less applicable.

Urbanization, industrialization, division of labour and specialization.

Causes of Unemployment: 

(i) Jobless growth: 

Since independence, the rate of economic growth is less than the growth rate of the population. This leads to widespread unemployment in India. 

(ii) Increase in labour force: 

Due to the increase in medical facilities since independence, there is a considerable fall in the death rate without a corresponding fall in the birth rate. This led to an increase in the labour force which in turn led to unemployment in India.

(iii) Excessive use of machinery: 

Industries as well as agricultural producers are undergoing modernization and have started using more machines and less labour. This means the Indian economy is moving towards capital intensive technique leaving behind labour intensive technique, which led to large scale unemployment.

(iv) Lack of skill development programmes: 

Though educational institutions are increasing, no proper training is given to youngsters to work. Development of vocational skill courses is comparatively less in number in India. Hence, there is a lack of skilled manpower required by the industry in India.

(v) Expectations towards employment: 

Educated people have high expectations about the salary and they want ‘white-collar jobs’ which are not available in plenty. They prefer to remain unemployed rather than accepting a lower salary. This also causes unemployment.

(vi) Seasonal nature of agriculture: 

Due to the seasonal nature of agriculture in India, labourers are employed only for a few months a year and for the rest of the year, they remain jobless. This leads to seasonal unemployment in the country. 

(vii) Migration of rural population: 

Agriculture being seasonal, there are no alternative jobs available in the off-season or slack season. So the labour migrates to urban areas leading to urban unemployment in the country.

The measures taken by the government of India to reduce unemployment are as follows: 

General measures to reduce unemployment:

• Development of agricultural sector
• Provision for an alternative occupation 
• Development of infrastructure 
• Reforms in the educational system 
• Development of tourism 
• Use of labor-intensive techniques 
• Development of information technology and communication 
• Provision for vocational training and skill development facilities
• Rural industrialization 
• Motivation for self-employment.

Specific measures are undertaken by the government to generate employment opportunities:

Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS): This Scheme was introduced on 28th March 1972. This scheme was introduced by Maharashtra Government in 1972-73. Under this scheme, work is provided to the registered job-seekers in rural areas within 15 days from the date of registration. This scheme was for unskilled manual labors above 18 years. Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY): This scheme was launched in April 1999 after restructuring the Integrated Rural Developmental Programmer (IRDP) and allied schemes. It’s the only self-employment scheme for the rural poor in India.

Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY): This scheme was launched in December 1997, It provides gainful employment to the urban unemployed and underemployed. It includes self-employment, women self-employment programme, skill training for employment programme, for this scheme Central Government shares 75% of the cost and State Government shares 25% of the cost.

Pradhan Mantri Rozgar Yojana (PMRY): This scheme is being implemented since 1993 to create and provide sustainable self-employment opportunities to more than one million educated unemployed youth.

Training Rural Youth for Self-employment (TRYSEM): It was initiated in 1979 with the objective of tackling the unemployment problem among rural youth. It aimed at training about 2 lakh rural youth every year to enable them to become self-employed.

Besides the above measures, there are many other specific measures undertaken by the government. They can be named as: 

• Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) 
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS)
• Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana 2014 
• National Policy for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship – 2015 
• Startup India Initiative
• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana – (2016-20)

Consumer Protection Act, 1986 has conferred the following rights of the consumers:

1. Right to safety: Consumer has right to be protected if the commodity or service is dangerous or harmful to health. They also have right to lodge a complaint if anybody creates pollution.
2. Right to be informed: Consumers must be provided complete information about quality, purity, price, quantity and the standard of goods and preference.
3. Right to choose: Consumers have the right to make a choice from variety of goods and services as per their purchasing power and preference.
4. Right to be heard/represented: Arrangements are made so as to make the concerned party hear the views of the consumers either by themselves or through their representative.
5. Right to seek redressal: Consumers have a right to seek redressal of their grievances related to price and quality of goods and services. They have a right to ask the seller or the manufacturer to repair or replace the defective goods. They can approach the District Forum, the State Commission and the National Commission for the redressal of then- grievances.
6. Right to consumer education: Consumers have right to receive education regarding all matters connected with their interests.

The duties of the consumers are as follows:

• To be quality conscious and aware of rights to restrict business malpractices.
• To beware of misleading advertisements.
• To insist on a bill, a receipt and guarantee/warranty card by the seller.
• To compare the quality, price, durability, after-sale service, etc. of the products.
• To inspect carefully variety of goods and make the best choice.
• To purchase the product only in sufficient quantity and be aware that the other consumers too need these products.
• To participate in consumer education activities, form consumer’s organization at the local level and protect the rights of the consumers.

Law of variable proportions states that when total output or production of a commodity is increased by adding units of a variable input, while the quantities of other inputs are held constant, then MP of the variable factor initially rises and then falls after reaching a certain level of employment of the variable factor.

Short-run: Short-run refers to a period in which output can be changed by changing only variable factors. Fixed inputs like plant, machinery, building etc. cannot be changed.

Long-run: Long-run refers to a period in which output can be changed by changing all factors of production. A firm can change its production techniques, purchasing new machinery etc.

The total sales value received in terms of rupees from the quantity of a product produced sold. The total sales value received by the seller from selling a given amount of the product is called total revenue.

The total revenue is equal to the total quantity of the commodity sold multiplied by the price (or average revenue) TR = Q × P. For example, if a firm sells 1,000 units of a product at a rate of Rs. 5, its total revenue will be 1,000 × 5 = Rs. 5000.

If a consumer has monotonic preferences then : 

(i) Bundle (10, 10) is monotonically preferred to bundle (10, 9) and bundle (9, 9). 

(ii) Bundle (10, 9) is monotonically preferred to bundle (9,9).

The goods and services used in the production of a product are called inputs.

Input factors are – Labour, Capital, Land, Business, etc. which are also called Factors of production.