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According to the Insurance business, there are two types of risk. 

1. Net Risk – The type of risk where business suffers loss only. 

2. Speculative Risk – The type of risk in which there is the possibility of incurring both gain and loss.

Type of risk where the possibility of loss and gain is equal.

Into two Parts: 

• Economic Risk 
• Non – Economic Risk.

1. Risks Related to Climate – 

Suitable temperature, rainfall, humidity, cold are the important parts of climate. Any imbalance in climatic features increases business risk. Less rainfall, extreme fluctuation in temperature, etc. affect the demand and supply of business commodities. 

2. Risk Related to the Population – 

There is a direct effect of size of population, growth rate, age, sex, literacy level, etc. on business. The demand pattern and marketing strategies also undergo changes, increasing the possibility of risks.

1. Tax Structure Risk – 

Any change in the tax structure by the government creates risk. Rebate in tax reduces the amount of risk and increase in tax increases the risk. 

2. Monetary Policy Related Risk – 

Monetary Policy aims at controlling the amount of money and credit as well as the banking activities of a country. This policy can have both negative and positive impact on business risks.

Business Insurance is divided into 2 parts – 

• Pure Risk 
• Speculative Risk

In USA the world’s first credit rating agency was established.

Credit Rate Agency was established in India in the year 1988.

At first, Credit Rating Agency in Developing countries was established in India.

Following are different economic and non – economic risks: 

1. Risks relating to liberalization –

 It means an activity under which the rules, controls and prices are liberalised or relaxation is given in rules, controls, with an objective to increase the rate of economic growth.

2. Monetary Policy Related Risk – 

This policy aims at controlling the amount of money and credit as well as the banking activities of a country. 

3. Risks Related to Economic Trends and Conditions – 

It includes components like national income, level of economic development, employment conditions, the purchasing power of money, trade cycles, etc., which have a direct impact on business risks. 

4. Risks Related to Currency and Capital Market Condition – 

When the financial market works favourably in the right direction, adequate funds are available for development and this reduces the risk of fund management. 

Non – Economic Risks 

1. Risk Related to the Population – 

Business is not untouched from the changes in the level of population of a country. The increase in population can also be a problem resulting in more risk. 

2. Risk Related to Climate – 

Suitable temperature, rainfall, humidity, cold, are important parts of climate. Any imbalance including less rainfall, extreme fluctuation in temperature, etc. affects the demand and supply of business commodities. 

3. Risk related to Political Instability – 

Political changes may bring changes in the business structure. Business risk increases with political unrest and especially in the condition of ‘President’s Rule’. Only a stable political environment provides the desired protection and promotion to business. 

4. Risk related to the socio-cultural environment – 

In the modern world, many organised curriculums have been started to encounter and minimise risks, such as – risk management, strategy management, etc. Though the risks can’t be fully eliminated, one can minimise their negative effects through efficient risk management, and thus, the existence of business can be protected.

Risk is divided into 2 parts in the Insurance business.

Pure risks are those risks where business suffers loss only.

Bourne and Kurtz.

(a) Bourne and Kurtz

According to Franknitto, “Risk is a measurable uncertainty”

CRISIL was established in India in 1987.

(c)  Franknitto

In Arabic ‘Risk means ‘earning livelihood’.

(d) Earning livelihood

1. Path length is the actual distance travelled by the particle during its motion.

2. It is a scalar quantity.

3. Dimensions of path length are equal to that of length i.e.. [L¹M⁰T⁰]

4. Example:

• If an object travels along the X-axis from x = 3 m to x = 6 m then the distance travelled is 3 m. In this case the displacement is also 3 m and its direction is along the positive X-axis.
• However, if the object now comes back to x 5, then the distance through which the object has moved increases to 3 + I = 4 m. Its initial position was x 3 m and the final position is now x = 5 m and thus, its displacement is ∆x = 5 – 3 = 2 m, i.e., the magnitude of the displacement is 2 m and its direction is along the positive X-axis.
• If the object now moves to x =1, then the distance travelled, i.e., the path length increases to 4 + 4 = 8 m while the magnitude of displacement becomes 3 – 1 = 2 m and its direction is along the negative X-axis.

Correct answer is (C) Projectile motion

Two parts which refract light rays are cornea and eye-lens. 

(c) tangential stress

Explanation: 

The force of viscosity acts between layers of the liquid and it acts along the surface. Thus F/A may be called tangential stress.  

The surface of the bubble is curved. The forces perpendicular to the surface has different directions from point to point. The effect of the pressure inside (which is perpendicular to the surface) over an area is to produce a net force tangential to the surface that tries to increase the surface area of the bubble. While the force of the surface tension (acting also tangentially) tries to decrease the area of the bubble. Thus the pressure and the surface tension forces balance each other.

(c) tangential stress

Explanation: 

The force of viscosity acts between layers of the liquid and it acts along the surface. Thus F/A may be called tangential stress.  

Length of the thread, L = 5.0 cm =0.05 m 

The surface tension of the water, S = 0.076 N/m 

Hence the force of surface tension on one side of the thread =S*L 

=0.076*0.05 N =0.0038 N = 3.8x10⁻³ N

The wings are wet and stick together. To free the wings the mosquito needs to overcome the surface tension of the water which it finds unable to do. Without free wings, it is unable to fly. So it waits till the water evaporates and the wings are dry again.

(c) the force of viscosity of air balances its weight

Explanation: 

When the raindrop starts falling the force of viscosity of air comes into action. This force is proportional to the velocity. Initially, this force is less than its weight. So there is a net downward force. Thus it accelerates. But a stage comes when due to increased velocity the force of viscosity is equal to its weight. So net downward force now becomes zero. Thus the raindrop keeps falling with a uniform velocity which is called the terminal velocity. 

(b) with a decreasing upward acceleration

Explanation: 

Just when the wood is released, the net force on it is B-W, {Buoyancy minus weight}upward. If the mass of the wood be m, then it has an initial acceleration a =(B-W)/m. But as the velocity increases the viscous force V acts downward. So the net force becomes B-W-V. Though B and W are constant, V increases with the velocity. Thus as the wood moves up, the net force and hence the acceleration decreases. 

(c) the force of viscosity of air balances its weight

Explanation: 

When the raindrop starts falling the force of viscosity of air comes into action. This force is proportional to the velocity. Initially, this force is less than its weight. So there is a net downward force. Thus it accelerates. But a stage comes when due to increased velocity the force of viscosity is equal to its weight. So net downward force now becomes zero. Thus the raindrop keeps falling with a uniform velocity which is called the terminal velocity. 

No. Though both frictional force and the viscous force oppose the relative motions, it is the difference between them that viscous force only comes into play when there is a relative motion between two layers.

It is due to the property of a liquid which is called viscosity. The viscosity of a liquid opposes the relative motion between layers of the liquid. The layer of the water in contact with the river bed is still because the river bed has no movement. The layer above it moves with some speed due to the resistance of the lower layer. And each layer moves with some relative speed than its lower layer. Thus a velocity gradient is formed with zero at the bottom and maximum near the surface. 

(c) modulus of elasticity

Explanation: 

The dimension of force is MLT⁻² and of length is L. So the dimension of the moment of a force will be ML²T⁻². So the option (a) is not true. 

The unit of surface tension is force per unit length. So the dimension of surface tension is ML⁰T⁻². So the option (b) is not true. 

The unit of the coefficient of viscosity is Pascal-second. Which is Force*second/area. The dimension will be MLT⁻²*T/L² =ML⁻¹T⁻¹. So the option (d) is not true. 

The modulus of elasticity is stress/strain. the strain is dimensionless. So the unit of elasticity will be the same as the unit of stress. It is force/area. The dimension will be MLT⁻²/L² =ML⁻¹T⁻². Hence the option (c).

The physical factors like relief, climate and location of the region affect the regional development.

Regional development occurs where agriculture, agro-based industries and trade is developed in areas where there is plain relief and sufficient rainfall. 

For example, Asian countries have developed agriculture and trade of agricultural goods.

Plain relief and sufficient rainfall encourage development of transportation and industries.

There is poor development of economic activities in areas with unfavourable relief like mountains or hills and extreme climate. 

For example, in the northern part of Russia, economic development is poor due to extreme cold climate.

Location of the country is an important factor. If there is a long and broken coastline, then there is development of trade and economy. 

For example, Japan has economically developed in spite of limited natural resources, due to the development of trade.

On the other hand, landlocked countries remain isolated. They cannot develop trade due to absence of coastline. Such countries have poor economic development. 

For example, Afghanistan, Nepal.

Thus, there is relationship between regional development and physical factors and therefore, we can say the regional development depends on physical factors.

Worldwide economic and political changes since the 1990s, which go by the name of ‘Globalisation’ or ‘Neo-liberalism’.

The list of corporations in Tamil Nadu :

1. Chennai

2. Madurai

3. Coimbatore

4. Tiruchirapalli

5. Salem

6. Tirunelveli

7. Erode

8. Thoothukudi

9. Tiruppur

10. Vellore

11. Dindigul

12. Thanjavur.

1. Grama Sabha is essential for the effective functioning of Village Panchayat.

2. It enhances public participation in the planning and implementation of schemes for social benefit.

Tamil Nadu there is corporation in Erode

1. A District Panchayat is formed in every district.

2. A district is divided into wards on the basis of 50,000 population.

3. The ward members are elected by the Village Panchayats.

4. The members of the District Panchayat elect the District Panchayat Committee Chairperson.

5. They provide essential services and facilities to the rural population.

(c) Villupuram

1. c 

2. e 

3. a 

4. b 

5. d

(b) Executive Officer

(c) Grama Sabha

Following states were annexed by Dalhousie’s Doctrine of Lapse:-

• Annexation by war – Punjab, Pegu.
• Annexation due to king dying without heir – satara, Jaitpur, Sambalpur, Udepur (M.P.), Jhansi, Baghat, Nagpur.
• Annexation on pretext of mismanagement – Awadh.
• Annexation on pretext of debt collection – Nizam’s province.
• Annexation to end a namesake rule – Karnataka, Tanjore.

1. A Town Panchayat has about 10,000 population.

2. A Town Panchayat is between a village and a city.

3. Tamil Nadu was the first state to introduce a town panchayat in the whole of India.

1. Kanchipuram

2. Town Panchayat

3. IAS

4. Panchayat Unions

5. City Municipal Corporation

6. Panchayat Raj

7. Koyambedu

1. A Municipality is found in the level below the City Municipal Corporation.

2. These areas have a population of more than one lakh and a high amount of revenue.

1. All local bodies have a reservation of 33% for women.

2. In 2011, Local Bodies election, 38% seats were won by women.

3. As per the Tamil Nadu Panchayats (Amendment) Act 2016, 50% reservation for women is being fixed in Panchayat Raj institutions.

Child marriage was declared as illegal in 1891 A.D.