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Edison was a famous American scientist who invented the electric light and gramophone that made him famous all over America.

The President of America invited Edison to the White House: True.

Edison was a famous American scientist who invented the electric light and gramophone that made him famous all over America.

Correct answer is (b) PV

Brave, hard working and courageous men can make a nation strong.

Correct answer is (c) N-Per

The poet advises us to work for the nation sincerely and laboriously. We should face all the challenges bravely for making our nation great. We should sacrifice all our pleasures for the sake of our nation.

Only people can make a nation great and strong.

Arun was a student at a boarding school. He was going back to school. His parents considered him old enough to travel alone. So, he had left his town by bus and arrived at Ambala early in the evening. The train he had to board was at 12 midnight. He was sitting on platform no. 8 at Ambala station waiting for the north-bound train. It was a long wait for him. He walked up and down the platform, browsing at the book stall, feeding biscuits to stray dogs. He watched the trains come and go. Whenever a train arrived the platform would become a centre of activity, and it would become quiet after the train departed. Tired of pacing about the platform he sat down on his suitcase gazing at the railway tracks.

A soft voice asked from behind if he was alone. Arun saw a middle aged woman in white sari, with dark kind eyes leaning over him. There was some kind of dignity about her which made Arun stand up respectfully and answer. He told her that he was alone and that he was going to school. She asked him if his parents had not come to see him off. Arun said that he did not live there and he could travel alone. The lady agreed with him. Arun liked her for her simplicity, her deep soft voice and the serenity of her face. The stranger found out his name and the train he was waiting for. She took him to the dining room and ordered jalebies, samosas and tea. Arun told her about his school, his friends, his likes and dislikes. In this way the bond between them gradually developed. He did not ask her any questions.

Arun returned with her to the place where he had left his suitcase under the charge of a coolie. He saw Satish, one of his school-mates, standing on the platform with his mother. The two boys greeted each other. Satish introduced Arun to his mother as one of his friends and the best bowler in the class. Satish’s mother said she was glad to know that. Satish’s mother was an imposing woman. She looked at the stranger who held Arun’s hand and asked if she was his mother. The woman replied that she was Arun’s mother, before Arun could talk.

Satish’s mother went on complaining about waiting for trains in the middle of night. She said it was dangerous to let the children travel alone for anything might happen at a big station with suspicious characters and strangers hanging around. The woman said that Arun could travel alone, in spite of all the dangers. Arun had taken an instinctive dislike to Satish’s mother. Her proud, domineering nature had made him to do so. Satish’s mother advised him to be very careful when his mother was not with him, and to never talk to strangers. Arun looked at the stranger and said he liked strangers.

Satish’s mother was offended by Arun’s answer. She wagged her finger at Arun and advised him to listen to what his mother tells him. She again warned him not to talk to strangers. Arun glared resentfully at her. Satish.grinned as he watched the confrontation between his mother and Arun.

Just then the station bell rang. The train moved slowly into the station. As soon as it stopped Satish jumped onto the footboard of an empty compartment and shouted at Arun to get in. Arun boarded the train with his suitcase. They sat at the open windows and the two women stood outside on the platform.

Satish’s mother started telling them what to do and what not to. She told them not to jump on and off moving trains, not to stick their heads out of the windows and not to eat any rubbish on the way. The woman stood silently. Satish’s mother seemed to have formed an opinion about Arun’s ‘mother’ as an incapable person who did not show any concern for the safety of her son. She gave Satish a bag of fruits, a cricket bat and a box of chocolates. She asked Satish to share the food with Arun.

Arun was smarting under the patronising tone of Satish’s mother. He guessed that Satish’s mother thought that his was a very poor family. He did not want to give the other woman away. He let her hold his hand. He hated Satish’s mother for her rude behaviour. When the train was about to move he leaned out and kissed the stranger on her cheek. Satish bade goodbye to his mother. Arun addressed the stranger as his mother and bid goodbye to her. Arun kept looking at the woman in white, till she was lost in the crowd.

1. He said that Amuda had been dancing.

2. My servant says that tea is ready.

3. He explained that he never ate meat.

4. He said that he had found a flat.

5. She said that they would discuss the matter the next day.

Five fundamental duties as given in the constitution of India are: 

• To abide the constitution and to respect its ideals and institutions, National flag and National Anthem. 
• To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. 
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom. 
• To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so. 
• To value and preserve the glory of the rich heritage of our composite culture.

Equality is the base of democracy. Hence every citizen is considered equal before the law and everybody gets equal protection of law. According to constitution state or government will not discriminate any person in the name of religion, creed, caste, sex and birth place. In society untouchability is declared punishable. By this right social titles are ended. Only in the field of education and military titles will be given continued which will be earned by the person’s ability and fame.

Rights and duties are complementary to each other. Like forests, rivers, water etc. are our natural assets, we must protect and preserve them in the same manner. Our children have right to get education, it is the duty of parents to send their children compulsorily to the schools. Thus rights and duties goes hand to hand.

Cultural and Educational Rights.

Right Against Exploitation.

(D) Right to Constitutional Remedies

• Freedom of speech and expression, 
• Freedom to assemble peacefully. 
• Freedom to form a social, cultural and economic organisation. 
• Freedom of movement in any part of India. 
• Freedom of living and doing trade, business and commerce in any part of India.
• Freedom to protect and defence self legally.

This is the heart and soul of our constitution’ as recognized by Dr. B.R. Ambedakar, because all Fundamental rights of the citizens are futile and baseless till they are safeguarded and protected by the courts in case of their violation. Supreme Court and High Courts of the states are empowered to protect the Fundamental rights in case of their infringement by any individual or government body. It empowers the citizens to move a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights. Under special circumstances, as emergency, however, the fundamental rights can be restircted or suspended.

Right to get free and compulsory education is given to all children from 6-14 years of age group by the 86th amendment in the constitution in 2002.

1. welfare 

2. Man 

3. opportunities 

4. Nehru report

(B) Right against Exploitation

Sanku had many urgent needs. He needed money very soon. So he could no longer postpone the act of stealing.

Sanku’s wife asked him to bring from the market ointment for the sores on her child’s body and two bananas also.

When Sanku knew that his wife was pregnant, he thought that it would be another burden on him. So he cursed himself.

The objectives of classification are: 

1. Grouping of related organisms based on similar characteristics. 

2. Simplifying the identification of organisms.

Cyanobacteria are autotrophic in nature and obtain energy through photosynthesis.

These are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.

One of the means of indirect transmission of disease is vectors.

Diptheria affects the Throat.

(b) therapeutic index

A transparent surface is required to pass light of the material to be observed. So glass slide is used to place it.

The Mirror is fixed to focus light on the objects to be observed.

Colour changes.

Chloroplast is changed into chromoplast. The sour taste is changed sweet taste. Starch is changed into sugar.

Eye piece – helps to magnify objects; helps to observe objects

Knobs – to adjust the position of lens Objective lens – helps to magnify objects

Stage & Clip – object is placed on the stage and the slide is fixed using clips

Diaphragm – helps to reduce the intensity of light Mirror – reflects sunlight

Diaphragm, objective lens, eye piece, mirror, Knobs, Stage, Clip

I love my mother most in my life. She sacrificed her own dreams and ambitions to bring me up. She even left her job as a teacher in a government school – a secure job, to look after me. Although my father did not earn a decent salary to support us, my mother bravely took the decision and determined to face a life of poverty and hardship for my sake. She sacrificed her own comfort and security and devoted all her time, energy and comfort for my sake.

• What the poem is about 

The poem is about a daughter’s affection and appreciation for her mother. 

• Why I like it / do not like it 

I like it because the poem reflects the heartfelt gratitude of a daughter for her mother who sacrificed her life for her daughter. 

• What the poem means to me 

The poem makes me feel nostalgic and brings me the memories of the sacrifice, love and affection my own mother showered on me. 

• What the poem reminds me of 

The poem reminds me of my own. loving mother. The poem also is an example and guide to me to follow when I eventually become a mother/ father of my own children.

The line means that the poet’s mother let the poet to live her own life seperately and- that her- mother set her free to pursue he own dreams and amibtions without imposing any sort of restrictions or conditions. Her mother did not let her own love and affection to blind her but instead, she was benevolent and allowed her daughter to live he own life seperatley.

a) ‘devotion’

b) security

The poet herself is a mother now, so the poet now thinks of her childhood.

In the last two lines of the poem the poet says that everyday, she tries her best to be a mother, like her own mother was to her. She tries to acquire all the qualities her mother possessed and tries to follow her mother’s way of bringing up children.

Although it is hard (difficult) for a mother to let go of her child to live their own lives separately, the poet’s mother did the hardest thing a mother would ever do, she willingly let her child (the poet) to freely pursue her own life without imposing andy restrictions.

(b) V = E, K = O

The qualities that the poet imbibed from her mother are a sacrifice, devotion, learnt to work hard, mixing it with fun, and to give her children her heart, her mind, her energy, and her soul. She had learnt to give her children a neverfailing love and tries to given them strength and security. After the poet’s children grow up, she will also let her children to live their own lives separately and set them free to pursue their, own dreams and ambitions.

The mother sacrificed many things to look after her child.

now – know 

heart – throughout 

me – free 

be – me

1. The poet is still a child. False 

2. In this poem, the poet shows her affection and admiration for her mother. True.

At any instant, the total energy of the oscillator is the sum its K.E. and P.E. i.e.,

E = K.E. + P.E. = 1/2 mv² + 1/2 kx²

the particle turns at the instant, when its velocity becomes zero, i.e., v = 0

E = 0 + 1/2 kx²

As E = 1 J and k = 1/2 N/m

or, 1 = 1/2 x 1/2 x² or, x² = 4 ⇒ x = ± 2m

The poem ‘A sonnet for my incomparable mother’ is penned by F. Joanna.. F. Joanna is a professional writer in English. She has written poems and stories for children.

In the poem, the poet contemplates her childhood. She recalls the qualities her mother possesed when her mother brought her up. The poet, is herself, a mother now. She is trying to incorporate all the qualities her mother possessed to bring up her own children. She admires and appreciates all the qualities her mother possessed and wants to follow her mother.

The poem is written in the form of a ‘Sonnet’. A Sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of fixed rhyme scheme. Here the poet often thinks about her childhood and about her mother, the poet addresses her mother and tells her that she herself is a mother now.

Now that she is a mother, she now knows that motherhood is hard work mixed together with fun. like herself, her mother also learned this when she brought her up (the poet) during her (the poet’s) childhood.

The poet now, lovingly recalls all the things that her mother gave her. Her mother gave her all those things by sacrifice, devotion, love and tears and her heart, her mind, her energy and soul. Her mother spent all these throughout the years when she looked after her and brought her up into adulthood. The poet’s mother sacrificed and devoted all her time and energy to raise her.

The poet reminiscences the love that her mother showered on her and it was a never-failing love. Her mother’s love for her never wavered or diminished.

Her mother’s love and care gave the poet the strength to face the world and also a reassuring sense of sweet security. Her mother protected her for all the sorrows of the world.

Although it is hard (difficult) for a mother to let go of her child to live their own lives seperately, the poet’s mother did the hardest thing a mother would ever do, she willingly let her child (the poet) to freely pursue her own life without imposing any restrictions.

Hence the poet, tries her best, everyday, to be a mother like her own mother was to her. The poet, tries to acquire all the qualities her mother possessed and tries to follow her mother’s way of bringing up children.

The disciples of Guru Dronacharya assembled in the large open ground in front of the Hastinapura palace.

The mass of the casing of the rocket in flight is burnt by obtaining heat energy from the mechanical energy (K.E + P.E.) of the rocket itself.