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Genetic mother is used for superovulation to produce 6-8 eggs (under the influence of FSH).

MOET is used to increase the herd size in a short time. It also improves the chances of production of hybrids.

Apis indica.

Fruit , embryo,pericarp, seed.

1. Oviparous animals e.g. Birds 

2. Viviparous animals e.g. Human beings 

3. Ovoviviparous animals e.g. Shark

Correct answer is (b) Auditory

In MOET technology, one mother cow is administered hormones to induce follicular maturation and superovulation. These fertilised eggs are transferred to the second surrogate mothers for development.

Multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology (MOET) has successfully increased the herd size of cattle. The cow is administered with FSH to induce follicular maturation and superovulation to produce 6 to 8 eggs. It is then mated or artificially inseminated. The fertilised eggs are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mother where they develop into an improved variety.

Paedogamy is the sexual union of young individuals produced immediately after the division of the adult parent cell by mitosis.

Fruit — ripened ovary 

Seed — ripened ovule 

Embryo — mature zygote.

Bee-keeping or apiculture is the maintenance of hives of honeybees for the production of honey, ft has been an age-old cottage industry. Honey is a food of high nutritive value and also find its use in the indigenous systems of medicine. Honeybee also produces beeswax, which finds many uses in industry, such as in the preparation of cosmetics and polishes of various kinds. The increased demand of honey has led to large-scale beekeeping practices; it has become an established income generating industry, whether practiced on a small or on a large scale.

Bees are the pollinators of many of our crop species such as sunflower, Brass tea, apple and pear. Keeping beehives in crop fields during flowering period increases pollination efficiency and improves the yield-beneficial both from the point of view of crop yield and honey yield.

Conjugation is the temporary union of the two individuals of the same species. During their union both individuals, called the conjugants exchange certain amount of nuclear material (DNA) and then get separated. Conjugation is common among ciliates,

e.g. Paramecium, Vorticella and bacteria (Prokaryotes).

Events taking place at:

Stage (1) — Follicular maturation;

Stage (2) —Transfer to surrogate mothers

Due to this technology, high milk-yielding breeds of cows and high quality meat yielding bulls have been bred successfully to increase herd size in a short time.

Spinal cord and brain together make the central nervous system. All the sensory and motor impulses are sent to and from the brain through the spinal cord and also spinal cord is centre for all the reflex actions. Brain the major centre of coordination in the body.

Correct answer is (c) acetylcholine

On the basis of time, breeding animals are of two types: seasonal breeders and continuous breeders. Seasonal breeders reproduce at particular period of the year such as frogs, lizards, most birds, deers etc., Continuous breeders continue to breed throughout their sexual maturity e.g. honey bees, poultry, rabbit etc.

1. In this type of synapse gap between the neighbouring neurons is very narrow. 

2. This electrical link is formed between the pre-and post-synaptic neurons. 

3. At the gap junction, the two cells are within almost 3.8 nm distance of each other. 

4. Transmission across the gap is faster. 

5. Electrical synapses are found in those places of the body requiring fastest response as in the defence reflexes.

Micropropagation is the production of healthy plantlet by rapid vegetative multiplication under aseptic and controlled conditions.

The ovary of pea plant is monocarpellary and the ovules are arranged along one margin whereas in tomato the ovary is tricarpellary with axile placentation.

1. Synapse is a microscopic functional gap between two successive neurons. 

2. In this telodendrites of pre-synaptic neuron are in close proximity with dendrites of post-synaptic neuron. 

3. This gap is also called synaptic cleft. 

4. During transmission of nerve impulse, the synapse get filled with neurotransmitters like acetyl choline.

Vivipary is a condition in which animals give rise to live young ones after being nourished in the uterus though the placenta. 

E.g. human.

1. The three divisions of nervous system are central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and autonomous nervous system. 

2. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of brain and spinal cord. The brain and spinal cord are the coordinators for all nervous functions. 

3. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is constituted by several nerves given by the central nervous system to all the body parts. All these nerves carry impulses to the CNS and bring back the responses from them. They are divided into cranial nerves and spinal nerves. 

4. The autonomous nervous system controls all the internal organs and is not under voluntary control.

• Two advantages of vivipary are: 

• Proper embryonic care and protection of the young one. 

• The chances of survival of young one is greater.

Oviparous animal — Reptile 

Viviparous animal — Mammals

Nervous system is the organ system present in the animals to control and coordinate different activities of the body. Nervous system comprises of the brain, the spinal cord, and a huge network of nerves that are spread throughout the body.

Sporangia which contain cells or spores that eventually develops into new individuals. Spores are very light and are covered by thick walls that protect them. Spores germinate into new individuals on moist surfaces. e.g. Rhizopus.

Pericarp: Protective wall of fruit, sometimes pericarp is differentiated into mesocarp and Endocarp.

Humans use a sexual mode of reproduction. Reproductive phase is the phase in the life of every individual which makes the individual capable of reproducing the offspring. In the early reproductive phase, individuals acquire changes in the body which result in the formation of germ cells. Sperms are male germ cells and eggs are female germ cells. Reproductive phase involves the changes in appearance and size of the bodily organs.

Adolescence is the period of life that leads to sexual maturity. During this period of life, one can observe many changes in the body. Puberty is the period at the beginning of adolescence when the sex glands in a boy and a girl are capable of reproduction. Different changes in boys include change in the voice, active functioning of sweat and sebaceous glands, growth of facial and body hair, enlargement of penis etc. Different changes in girls include growth of pubic hair, active functioning of sweat and sebaceous glands, menstrual cycle, enlargement of breasts.

Sexual reproduction involves two organisms, the male and the female in the process of producing the offspring. Sexual reproduction provides greater variations in the DNA thereby making the offspring adapted for better survival. Sexual reproduction ensures a mixing of the gene pool of the species. Due to genetic recombination, variations occur in the process of sexual reproduction.

During Sexual reproduction the combination of DNA from two parents would result in the offspring having twice the amount of DNA. To solve this problem, sexually reproducing individuals have special germ cells (gametes) with only half the normal number of chromosomes and, therefore half the amount of DNA compared to the other cells of the body. When such germ cells from two individuals untie during sexual reproduction the normal chromosome number and DNA content are restored.

In multicellular organisms body designs become more complex, the germ cells also specialize. One germ cell is large and contains the food stores while the other is smaller and likely to be motile. The motile germ cell is called the male gamete and germ cell containing the stored food is called the female gamete.

Reduction division (meiosis) is associated with sexual reproduction.

The reasons for this are:

a.  Since sexual reproduction involves the fusion of two types of gametes (male and female), they must have haploid number of chromosomes.

b.  The cell (meiocyte) which gives rise to gametes often has diploid number of chromosomes and it is only by reducing the number by half that we can get haploid gametes.

c.  Reduction division also ensures maintenance of constancy of chromosome number from generation to generation.

Plants reproduce sexually by producing male gametes in the form of pollen and the female gametes in the form of eggs. The reproductive parts of angiosperms are located in the flower. A flower comprises sepals, petals, stamens and carpels. Stamen and carples are the reproductive parts of a flower which contain germ cells.

• A unisexual flower contains either stamens or carpels. For example, papaya and watermelon are unisexual flowers

• A bisexual flower contains stamens as well as carpels. For example, hibiscus and mustard flowers are bisexual.

Stamen is the male reproductive part and it produces pollen grains. Carpel is present in the centre of a flower and is the female reproductive part. It consists of the ovary, style and stigma. The ovary is the swollen part at the bottom of the carpel. Ovary contains the female gametes in the form of eggs or ovules. The male germ cell produced by pollen grain fuses with the female gamete present in the ovule. This fusion of the germ cells or fertilization forms the zygote which is capable of growing into a new plant.

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the carpel is known as pollination. Two types of pollination are self-pollination and cross-pollination. Self-pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of the same flower. Cross-pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains from anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower. This transfer of pollen from one flower to another is achieved by agents like wind, water or animals.

After the pollen lands on a suitable stigma it has to reach the female germ cells which are in the ovary. For this a tube grows out of the pollen grain and travels through the style to reach the ovule. Inside the ovule a male germ cell fuses with a female germ cell and forms a zygote. This is known as fertilization.

After fertilization, the zygote divides repeatedly to form an embryo which resides inside the seed. The ovule develops into a seed. The ovary ripens to form a fruit. Meanwhile the petals, sepals, stamens, style and stigma may fall off. Seed inside the fruit encloses the embryo, the future plant. The seed contain the future plant or embryo which develops into a seedling under appropriate condition. This process is known as germination. The factors essential for germination are nutrients, water and proper temperature. Seed has an embryo protected by reserved food materials in the form of cotyledons and also an outer covering called as seed coat.

After the pollen lands on a suitable stigma it germinates to form the pollen tube. The pollen tube grows through the style and carries the male germ cells in it. The pollen tube enters the ovule and the male germ cells fuse with the egg cell to form the zygote. This process is called fertilisation.

(c) 75 cm / min

Cell division cannot be a type of reproduction in multicellular organisms because cell division only increases the number of cells in an organism which leads to the growth of body.

The answer is (c) (i), (ii) and (iii)

Off-springs produced from sexual reproduction cannot be clones hence statement (iv) is wrong

d. The chemical test that is used for diagnosis of typhoid is Widal-Test.

(i) Stamen.

(ii) Carpel.

The answer is (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

• Cross pollination is necessary is unisexual flowers as they possess either stamen or pistil.
• Flowers possessing only stamens cannot produce fruits because fruit is a mature ovary

(i) Stamen. (ii) Carpel.

 (d) Either stamen or carpel

Pistil is the name of female organ of a flower.

1. Blood pressure:

1. The pressure exerted by blood on the wall of the blood vessels is called blood pressure. Pressure exerted by blood on the wall of arterial wall is arterial blood pressure. Blood pressure is described in two terms viz. systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. 

2. Systolic blood pressure is the pressure exerted on arterial wall during ventricular contraction (systole). For a normal healthy adult the average value is 120 mmHg. 

3. Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure on arterial wall during ventricular relaxation (diastole). For a normal healthy adult it is 80 mmHg. 

4. B. E = SP/DP = 120/80 mmHg. Blood pressure is normally written as 120/80 mmHg. Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure normally, it is 40 mmHg.

2. Measurement of blood pressure:

1. Blood pressure is measured with the help of an instrument called sphygmomanometer. 

2. The instrument consists of inflatable rubber bag cuff covered by a cotton cloth. It is connected with the help of tubes to a mercury manometer on one side and a rubber bulb on the other side. 

3. During measurement, the person is asked to lie in a sleeping position. The instrument is placed at the level of heart and the cuff is tightly wrapped around upper arm. 

4. The cuff is inflated till the brachial artery is blocked due to external pressure. Then pressure in the cuff is slowly lowered till the first pulsatile sound is produced. At this moment, pressure indicated in manometer is systolic pressure. Sounds heard during this measurement of blood pressure are called as Korotkoff sounds

5. Pressure in the cuff is further lowered till any pulsatile sound cannot be heard due to smooth blood flow. At this moment, pressure indicated in manometer is diastolic pressure an optimal blood pressure (normal) level reads 120/80 mmHg.

3. Factors affecting blood pressure:

1. Cardiac output : Normal cardiac output is 5 lit/min. Increase in cardiac output increases systolic pressure. 

2. Peripheral resistance : Peripheral resistance depends upon the diameter of blood vessels. Decrease in diameter of arterioles and capillaries under the effect of vasopressin cause increase in peripheral resistance and thereby increase in blood pressure. 

3. Blood volume : Loss of blood in accidents decreases blood volume and thus cause decrease in blood pressure.

4. Viscosity of blood : Blood pressure is directly proportional to viscosity of blood. 

5. Age : Blood pressure increases with age due to increase in inelasticity of blood vessels. 

6. Venous return : Amount of blood brought to the heart via the veins per unit time is called the venous return and it is directly proportional to blood pressure. 

7. Length and diameter of blood vessels : Blood pressure is directly proportional to the total length of the blood vessel. Blood pressure can also be affected by vasoconstriction or vasodilation. 

8. Gender : Females have slightly lower BP than males of her age before menopause. However, the risk of high B. P increases in the females after menopause sets in.

Histological structure of artery and vein.

1. Artery is a thick walled blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood. (Exception is pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs for oxygenation.) 

2. All the arteries arise from heart and carry blood away from the heart. 

3. Each artery is made up of three layers, viz. tunica externa, tunica media and tunica interna. 

4. Tunica externa or adventitia is the thickest layer of all. It is the outermost coat made up of connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibres. 

5. Tunica media is the middle coat made up of smooth muscle fibres and elastic fibres. It withstands high blood pressure during ventricular systole. It is also thick. 

6. Tunica interna or intima is the innermost coat made of endothelium and elastic layer. 

Histology of Capillaries:

1. Capillaries are the smallest and thinnest blood vessels. Capillaries are formed by the division and re-division of the arterioles. 

2. The wall of the capillary is made up of endothelium or squamous epithelium. 

3. The capillary wall is permeable to water and dissolved substances. 

4. Exchange of respiratory gases, nutrients, excretory products, etc. takes place through the capillary wall. 

5. Capillaries unite to form venules.

Part A → Sinoatrial [SA] node Function : SA node acts as pacemaker of heart because it has the power of generating a new wave of contraction and making the pace of contraction. 

Part B → Atrioventricular [AV] node Function : Atrioventricular [AV] node acts as pace-setter of heart.

(b) Afferent arteriole is wider whereas efferent arteriole is narrower

Ultrafiltration occurs in Bowman’s capsule. 

Profuse sweating take place during heavy muscular exercise. The reason is :

• To excrete
  excessive amount of sodium chloride
• To eliminate excessive lactic acid produced due to anaerobic metabolism
• To regulate the temperature of the body

Dialysis involves the use of artificial kidney or a dialysis machine. The patient's blood is from the radial artery is led through the machine where excess salts and urea is removed. The purified blood is then returned to a vein in the same arm.

Dialysis is carried out in case of failure of both the kidneys. In case there is a permanent damage, then the dialysis is to be repeated for about 12 hours twice a week.