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length of scale : metre : : speed of aeroplane :knot

No, displacement is a vector quantity as it depends on direction.

Correct answer is Motion.

1. Stable equilibrium 

2. Unstable equilibrium 

3. Neutral equilibrium

acceleration

Acceleration = speed/time

Mass, distance, speed, temperature

Displacement, velocity, force

(C) The area of the slant surface is 156πsqm. 

An object moving in uniform circular motion is moving around the perimeter of the circle with a constant speed. While the speed of object is constant, its velocity is changing, Ex: Merry-go-round, roller coaster, planets orbiting the sun.

(a) in a straight line without turning back

There are two possible answers: Velocity gives an idea of how fast the position changes, or Acceleration gives an idea of how fast the velocity changes.

She moves in a straight line with constant velocity.

Let the time taken by pipe to fill vessel = t minutes

Since water flows 10 m in 1 minute, it will flow 10t meters in t minutes.

According to the question,

Volume of conical vessel = Volume of water that passes through pipe in t minutes

Consider conical pope

Base Diameter = 40 cm

Base radius, r = 20 cm

Height, h = 24 cm

We know that the volume of cone = 1/3πr²h

Volume of conical vessel = 1/3π(20)²(24) = 3200 π cm³

Consider cylindrical pipe

Base diameter = 5 mm = 0.5 cm

Base radius, r = 0.25 cm

Water covers 10t m distance in pipe,

Hence, we get,

Height, h = 10t m = 1000t cm

We also know that,

Volume of a cylinder = πr²h

Volume of water passed in pipe = π(0.25)²(1000t) = 62.5tπ cm³

So, we have

62.5tπ = 3200

62.5t = 3200

t = 51.2 minutes

We know that,

0.2 minutes = 0.2(60) seconds = 12 seconds

Therefore, t = 51 minutes 12 seconds

(D) The area of the circle is 4s/π.

correct answer is (D) 72.8%. 

(C) The ratio of their volume is 2 : 3.

John Donne is a metaphysical poet.

Correct answer is (D) Greek

The poet in 'Song of Myself' sings for himself.

The 'Romantic Revival' is often associated with william wordsworth.

1. Some of the sculpture display contemporary lifestyle, folk tales, animal and human instinct, etc.

2. The sculptures reveal artistic vision and unique imagination of the sculptors.

3. The most attractive sculptures are those of Varah, Vaman, Narsinha, Ram, Kalki and Mahishasurmardini.

1. Some of the sculpture display contemporary lifestyle, folk tales, animal and human instinct, etc.

2. The sculptures reveal artistic vision and unique imagination of the sculptors.

3. The most attractive sculptures are those of Varah, Vaman, Narsinha, Ram, Kalki and Mahishasurmardini.

Features of Poverty in India: Following are the main features of poverty in India.

(i) Declining Trend: The proportion of people below poverty line in India had variations. Poverty ratio increased during the decade of the 1970s. It decreased sharply during the decade of the 1980s. During the decade of 1990s, there was first a rise following the period of economic reforms and then a fall in the incidence of poverty. Since 1993-94, the total number of the poor shows a declining trend.

(ii) Inter-State Variations: Poverty is not equally distributed through the country. A recent study shows that more than 90 per cent of India’s rural poor live in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Further, 50 per cent of India’s rural poor live in three states (namely, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh). As against this, the poverty ratio in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat, Kerala, Punjab and Haryana is quite low.

(iii) Nature of Poverty: Poverty is visible both in our rural and urban areas. The rural poor consist of people of low castes and tribal groups. The major group of the poor include landless agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers, rural artisans, etc. In the urban sector, the poor include largely unemployed, underemployed or persons employed in low productivity occupations such as rickshaw pullers, cobblers, and street vendors.

Main causes of poverty in India are:-

(i) Huge income inequalities make it difficult for government policies to implement properly for poverty elimination. Therefore income inequality is a major cause of poverty in India.

(ii) Exploitation of traditional Indian handicrafts and textile industries by British colonial administration is another major cause of poverty.

(iii) In order to fulfil social obligations and observe religious ceremonies, the poor spend a lot of money. Poor people borrow money for different reasons and become the victims of indebtedness.

NREGA stands for National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005. Following things were included in the scheme:

(i) It aims at providing 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household.

(ii) It initially started for 200 districts but later on extended to 600 districts.

(iii) One-third of the proposed jobs were reserved for women.

(iv) The Central government established National Employment Guarantee Funds and state government established State Employment Guarantee Funds for implementation of the scheme.

(v) If an applicant is not provided employment within fifteen days he/she will be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.

While determining the poverty line in India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical requirement etc. are determined for subsistence.

(i) The calorie requirement depending upon the age, sex, area and type of work is the way of estimating poverty. Average calorie requirement in India is 2400 per person per day in rural areas and 2100 per person per day in urban areas.

(ii) Monetary expenditure per capita needed is also a way of estimating poverty. In the year 2000, poverty line for a person was fixed at Rs. 328 per month for the rural areas and Rs. 454 for the urban areas.

(iii) A uniform standard for poverty line is also used, which is given by international organisations like World Bank. This is equivalent of $ 1 per person per day.

(i) The principal measures taken in Punjab to reduce poverty is increasing the agricultural growth rates.

(ii) Kerala focused more on human resource development to reduce poverty.

(iii) Andhra Pradesh focused on public distribution of food grains to reduce poverty.

The current anti-poverty strategy of the government is based broadly on two planks:

(i) Promotion of economic growth.

(ii) Targeted anti-poverty programmes. The results of poverty alleviation programmes have been mixed. The major reasons for less effectiveness are:-

(i) Lack of proper implementation and right targeting.

(ii) Overlapping of a number of schemes. They lack proper monitoring and therefore the benefits of these schemes do not fully reach out to the deserving poor.

More Industrialisation: In order to remove poverty and unemployment, especially in cities, more and more industries are to be set up.

Improvement in Agriculture: While latest methods should be adopted in improving agriculture, steps should also be taken so that land is provided to the tiller and it is not concentrated in the hands of few rich farmers and landlords.

Education: Education is must for removing any evil, including poverty and unemployment.

It must be made cheaper so that every person could get it easily.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 was passed in September 2005 with the following features:-

(i) It provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household with the reservation for one-third of the proposed jobs for women.

(ii) The central government will establish a National Employment Guarantee Fund for Women and state governments will establish State Employment Guarantee Funds for implementation of the scheme.

(iii) If an applicant is not provided employment within 15 days, he/she will get daily unemployment allowance.

(a) Social Exclusion: According to this concept, poverty must be seen in terms of the poor who have to live only in a poor surrounding with other poor people. Poor people are excluded from better surroundings with better-off people. For example, in India people belonging to certain castes are excluded from equal opportunities.

(b) Vulnerability: There is a greater possibility of remaining poor in case of certain communities (such as members of a backward classes, widows, physically handicapped persons). These groups of people face greater risks at the time of natural disasters (earthquakes, tsunami). Thus vulnerability describes the greater possibility of being adversely affected in comparison of other people in odd times.

Vulnerability to poverty: It is a measure which describes the greater probability of certain communities or individuals (such as widow or a physically handicapped person) of becoming or remaining poor in coming years.

Economic categories more vulnerable to poverty in India: Schedule tribes, urban casual labourers, rural agriculture labourers, scheduled castes are major economic groups, which are more vulnerable to poverty. Among these, scheduled tribes contribute to 51% of poverty in India which average Indian poverty ratio is 26.

China of South-East Asia made rapid economic growth.

47% is the poverty ratio in the state of Orissa.

Orissa state has the largest percentage of poor in India.

National Food for Work Programme

NSSO organization carries out survey for determining the poverty line.

Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu

Punjab state has the high agricultural growth helped to reduce poverty.

September 2005

Kerala has focused more on human resource development.

West Bengal has the land reform measures helped to reduce poverty.

Measures to reduce regional poverty: 

Several states of India like Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Nagaland, etc., are economically very poor. To remove this regional poverty the following measures may be suggested:

(a) More Central assistance and grants should be given to backward states.

(b) Special concessions may be given for investments in backward areas.

(c) Public sector enterprises should be set up in backward states.

Mahatma Gandhi

Poverty can be reduced in the following ways:-

(i) Increasing empowerment of women and the economically weaker sections of society.

(ii) Fostering the economic growth.

(iii) Increasing the stress on universal free elementary education.

(iv) Caste and gender discrimination to be avoided.

(v) Improving health care, education and job security.

(vi) Removing inequality of wealth among people.

Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana

1. Prime Minister's Rojgar Yojana (PMRY): These schemes have been started for the welfare of the educated unemployed in urban areas. Youth belonging to the weaker sections of society are given priority.

2. Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS): These were launched in 1999 to create wage employment to families below poverty line and to improve the quality of life in the rural areas.

3. Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY): The objective of this programme is to generate gainful employment for the unemployed and underemployed men and women in rural areas, community and social assets are created such as soil conservation work.

Positive aspect:-

(i) India's economic growth is one of the fastest in the world which helps in reducing poverty.

Negative aspect:-

(i) Large number of poor lives in villages and dependent upon agriculture where growth is much below expectation.

Weakness of Poverty alleviation programme:-

(i) Lack of proper implementation and right targeting with lots of overlapping schemes.

Poverty Alleviation Programmes of India: The important poverty alleviation programmes which are in operation in rural and urban areas are:

(i) Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana (PMRY): PMRY was launched on 2 October 1993. The aim of this programme is to create self-employment opportunities for educated youth in rural areas and small towns. They are helped in setting up small business and industries.

(ii) Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY): SGSY was launched on 1 April, 1999. It aims at promoting enterprises at the village level. It helps the rural people to organise themselves into self-help groups. The objective of SGSY is to bring the existing poor families above the poverty line by providing them income generation assets through a mix of bank credit and government subsidy.

(iii) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY): PMGY was introduced in 2000. Its objective is to focus on village level development in five critical areas, that is, primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural roads. As a result of this, the quality of life of rural people will improve.

(iv) Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojana (SGRY): This programme was launched in September 2001.

The objectives of this scheme are …

(a) to provide wage employment along with food security in the rural areas.

(b) to create durable community, social and economic assets.

The ongoing Employment Assurance Scheme and JGSY would be merged with SGRY.

(v) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA): NREGA was passed in September 2005. The Act provides for 100-days assured employment to every rural household in 200 districts. Later, the scheme will be extended to 600 districts. However, the results of these programmes have not been very effective. One of the major reasons for their less effective is the lack of proper implementation and right targeting. Also, there has been overlapping of schemes. Therefore, the major emphasis in recent years is on their proper monitoring.

Correct option is: (a) undue