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According to K.E. Boulding, ” A pure monopolist is a firm producing product which has no effective substitutes among the products of other firms, effective in the sense that even though the monopolist may be making abnormal profits, other firms cannot encroach on these profits by producing substitute commodities which might attract purchasers away from the product of the monopolist.”

Tree takes many years to grow strong, when it was old men fell the tree and its timber is of more value. After the death also tree is useful as a timber.

This poem is written by Clifford Henry Dymemt. The poem is about the harmful effects of poaching and the indiscriminate cutting of trees.

In this poem Henry says that when once he was walking, he stopped to watch a man cut¬ting a tree. The tree was very old and it seemed to be a century old. As he was cutting it, the sharp axe appeared to be glittering and it struck deep inside the bark and the yellow wooden chips (which usually comes when we chop any wooden material) flew in the air.

The poet liked the sight. As the person was cutting the tree, a melodious sound was heard as he struck the axe and paused as he took it off.

The poet says that people have many reasons to cut trees. It might fall as it was very old but it had more good in it than a growing tree. Then Henry compares the death of the tree to the death of thousands of men.

The poem conveys the message that the beauty of nature should be preserved and en-joyed. Thus the poet condemns the onslaught on nature in an ironic way.

In the poem T refers to the poet Clifford Henry Dyment.

[small, strong, weak, dry] strong.

[women, people, woodcutters, children] people.

Timber is the word does not fit in the above list.

Correct Answer is :[c] centuries

[knife, axeysickel, saw] axe.

Tree takes many years to grow strong, when it was old men fells the tree and its timber is of more value. After the death also tree is useful as a timber.

The poet stopped to watch a man who cutting a tree.

Yes, at that moment only the poet constructed this poem. This was known by the lines. I stopped to watch a man strike at the trunk.

Yes. His intention was clear by seeing these lines in the poem Had more good in it.

The poem gives us the message that people have many reasons to cut trees. It might fall as it was very old but it had more good in the than a growing tree. The poet compares the death of the tree is equal to the death pf thousands of men.

Yes it is a heavy loss for human beings. This is understood by the lines….cut down a thousand men…

How old the tree was, and how dangerous’This line tells us that the tree is aged.

The poem is not a sonnet. There is no rhyme scheme. 

Note : Imagine a boy in your classroom, by name Shashi, is unable to answer even a single question. The teacher gets angry. In this anger, if the teacher says, ‘Shashi, you’ re the Einstein of this class,” does the teacher really mean what he says? or does he mean the opposite? Such expressions which say the opposite of what they really mean are examples of irony. Read the second stanza carefully.

Do you find any expressions of irony in it? The expression of irony in the poem is as follows : (2nd Stannza). A man who fells a tree makes people watch, for glory seems to crowd upon the axe.

The alchemies of nature mentioned in the extract are

1. Grass peeps through small cracks of a concrete pavement. 

2. A rainbow colours the entire sky. 

3. Oysters take in a grain of sand they open up with a pearl. 

4. Innumerable stars shine across the infinite sky. 

5. The wind makes trees dance with unhindered passion. 

6. A caterpillar turns into a butterfly.

Bits of grass peeping through small cracks in concrete pavement and the green leaves on a tree in spring teach us that hard times do not last forever.

The grass is destroyed by the concrete but comes to life again. The tree is bare all through the cold winter months, but when the spring sets in, it is full of leaves, regaining its green majesty.

(D) Gulbarga

D) All are correct.

North of the Tungabhadra river arose the Bahmani kingdom. Initially, it was a large kingdom with its capital at Gulbarga. Later on, between 1489 and 1520 AD it broke up into five smaller kingdoms. Of these five kingdoms, Bijapur and Golkonda ruled over large parts of present-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. These kingdoms were ruled by Sultans and warriors many of who came from Iran and Arabia.

Correct option is B) PbI₂ 

D) Yellow coloured PbI₂

Correct option is C) CaCO₃ 

Pahariyas strongly objected to the trespassing of their areas by others. They were led by “Moopans”. Moopans controlled them and settled their quarrels. It was the Moopans that led the fights against other tribal people and the inhabitants of the plains. During famine, Pahariyas trespassed into the plains. It was in the plains that the regular farmers lived. Pahariyas attacked the people in the plain not only to get food but also to establish their supremacy over them.

To be spared of attacks by Pahariyas, zamindars paid regular tributes (money) to the Moopans. Similarly, traders also paid some money to the Pahariya Moopans to get permission to travel through the tunnels in areas in their control. The Moopans gave the traders protection in return. The Moopans ensured that the goods of the traders were not looted by anyone.

In official documents, people who inhabited the highlands are called pahariyas. The journal of Buchanan gives some interesting accounts of the Pahariyas. His journal is in the form of a diary. The places he saw, the people he met, their customs, etc. are recorded in his journal. But he has not written about their origin or history. Therefore to recreate the history of Pahariyas, historians had to rely on the revenue records of the 18th century. They give much information about Pahariyas.

Pahariyas lived on the Rajmahal hills. For their livelihood they depended on the forest. They got their food from the forest. They also did shifting cultivation. They cleared small tracts in the forest and dug the ground with their hoes, planting pulses and com. After using the tracts for some time they left them fallow to restore their fertility and moved to another place.

For food, the Pahariyas collected a kind of flowers called ‘mahua’ from forests. They also collected cocoons of silkworms and resin for sale. They collected wood to make charcoal. They grazed their animals in the grasslands of the forests. Thus they did many things connected with the forest.

They lived in huts made among tamarind groves. They rested in the shade of trees. They considered the entire area their own. Their being and life depended on these forests.

(B) Andhra Pradesh

(C) the Raj Gonds

Answer is (A) Dhimsa

B. Lokmanya Tilak

(C) Deepavali

D) All the above

(A) Perini Nrityam

(A) Burrakatha

(A) Yakshaganas

(D) All the above

(A) Burrakatha

(C) Both A & B

Answer is (B) Lambadi

(B) Burrakatha

Answer is (A) Bahubali

(D) All the above

A. Gopalkrishna Gokhale

Juhu Beach, Chaupati, Kolaba, Malabar Hill, Jahangiri Art Gallery, Museum, Bombay University, Mahalaxmi Temple, Victoria Garden, Kamla Nehru Garden, etc.

During the British rule, first of all municipalities were established at Madras, Bombay and Calcutta in India.

The British established their first trading factory at Calcutta in 1695 A.D.

First railway line iri India was laid during the reign of Lord Dalhousie in 1853 A.D. from Bombay to Thane city. In 1854 A.D. railway line was laid from Calcutta to Raniganj. There were many reasons of laying down railway lines in India by the British rulers.

Some of these reasons are given below :

• The British wanted to secure their empire in India and wanted to lay down railway lines for the easy transport of army from one place to another.
• Goods prepared in mills of England could be easily transported from one place to another.
• The British companies and the British capitalists wanted to earn more profit by using their surplus wealth in laying down railway lines.
• It was easy to collect raw materials from different parts of the country for the factories of England.

Calcutta is the capital of West Bengal. Its present name is Kolkata. It was a famous commercial centre of India during the British rule. The British established their first factory over here in 1695 A.D. and fortified it from all sides. Till 1757 A.D., the British East India Company spent most of its time in commercial activities. When war started between Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-daula and the East India Company, the Britishers won the war. Later on their different commercial centres (Bastis), like Bombay, Madras and Calcutta, were developed into cities. Most of Indian traders started to live in these cities because every type of trading facility was available over here. In the battle of Plassey and battle of Buxar respectively in 1757 A.D. and 1764 A.D., Nawabs of Bengal were defeated and the British emerged victorious. That’s why, the importance of city of Calcutta was increased.

These days many beautiful places are there in Calcutta. Howrah Bridge, Victoria Memorial, Botanical Garden, Indian Museum, Alipur Zoo, Vailoor Math, National Library etc. are some of them which increase the importance of Calcutta.

The British government founded many local organizations, to organise their empire, which helped a great deal in the development of cities. Municipal committees, the Public works department, laying down net of railway lines etc. are included in it.

Their brief description is given below :

1. Municipalities: First Municipal Corporation was established by the British East India Company at Madras in 1687-88 A.D. Its members were nominated. After some time, Municipal Corporations were also established at Bombay and Calcutta. Slowly and slowly district boards and municipal committees were established for village and cities of different provinces. Many primary, middle and high schools were, opened through these organizations. Municipal committees used to arrange cleaning of City and light in the streets at night. People were given facility of supplying drinkirig water through pipes. Dispensaries were opened in cities in which arrangements of free medicines and injections were made so that the spreading of diseases could be prevented.

2. Public Works Department: During the British rule, Public Works Department was established by Lord Dalhousie for the welfare of the people. This department prepared many roads, canals, and bridges. G.T. Road from Calcutta to Peshawar was made by this department. This department also prepared Ganga-river on 8th April, 1853 and released water in it. It also established an engineering college in Roorkee. This department also done many other works for the welfare of people.

3. Planning: Many urban facilities were spread in different cities of India during the British rule. Arrangement of supply of drinking water through pipes and proper sanitation was made in most of the cities of India. Except this modern markets, parks and playgrounds were prepared in major cities of country.

4. Railway Lines: First railway line of India was made during the tenure of Lord Dalhousie in 1853 A.D. from Bombay to Thane city. Railway line between Calcutta and Raniganj was also laid in 1854 A.D.

Britishers wanted to start railway in India due to given ahead reasons :

• The British wanted to secure their empire in India and wanted to lay down railway lines for the easy transport of army from one place to another.
• Goods prepared in mills of England could be easily transported from one place to another.
• The British companies and the British capitalists wanted to earn more profit by using their surplus wealth in laying down railway lines.
• It was easy to collect raw material, from different parts of the country, for the factories of England.