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(b) Network Management Server

API is a pure event base software tool with super simulation design.

It is a biological phenomenon by which the DNA from one type of cell, when introduced into another type, is able to bestow some of the properties of the former to the latter.

Amorphous solids are those solids in which the constituent particles may have short range order but do not have a long range order. They have irregular shapes and are isotropic in nature. They do not undergo a clean cleavage.They do not have sharp melting points or definite heat of fusion. 

E.g.: Glass, rubber and plastics.

During S-phase.

It is the specific point in DNA from where replication begins.

DNA polymerase is highly specific to recognise only deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Therefore it cannot hold RNA nucleotides.

During DNA replication the two strands separate out to form a Y-shaped structure on either side of origin which is called replication fork.

(d) methionine

As the program gets bigger, it becomes difficult to read it, and to make out what it is doing by just looking at it. So it is good to add notes to the code, while writing it. These notes are known as comments. In Python, comment start with ‘#' symbol. Anything written after # in a line is ignored by interpreter, i.e. it will not have any effect on the program. 

For example, 

# calculating area of a square > > > area = side * * 2 

For adding multi-line comment in a program : 

(i)  Place ‘#’ in front of each line, or, 

(ii)  Use triple quoted string. They will only work as comment, when they are not being used as docstring.

We know that AA^-1 = 1

Taking determinant both sides 

│AA^-1│ = │I│ 

│A││A^-1│ = │I│ (│AB│=│A││B│) 

│A││A^-1│ = 1 (│I│ = 1)

|A^-1| = 1/|A|

Given points are A (2, 0, 0) and 5(-3,0, 0). AB = |2 – (-3)| = 5

1. The rooms were big.

2. There were many plants and trees in the garden. Choose the correct answer from the choices given.

3. B) in their garden

4. C) garden

5. C) Hari and Ravi were lucky but they were lazy too

The progressive changes in shape, form and degree of complexity which includes growth, maturation and morphogenesis is referred as development.

Given: A(1, -1, 2) and B(3, 4, -2) 

The line joining these two points is given by, 

AB = 2i + 5j -4k

C(0, 3, 2) and D(3, 5, 6), 

The line joining these two points,

CD = 3i + 2j +4k 

To prove that the two lines are perpendicular we need to show that the angle between these two lines is 

So, AB.CD = 0 (dot product) 

Thus, (2i + 5j -4k). (3i + 2j +4k) = 6 + 10 – 16 = 0. 

Thus, the two lines are perpendicular.

Given: A(3, 5, -1) and B(5, p, 0) 

The line joining these two points is given by, 

AB = 2i + (p-5)j + k 

C(2, 1, 1) and D(3, 3, -1), 

The line joining these two points, 

CD = i + 2j - 2k

As the two lines are perpendicular, we know that the angle between these two lines is 

So, AB.CD = 0 (dot product) 

Thus, (2i + (p-5)j + k) .(i + 2j - 2k) = 0.

2 + 2(p - 5) - 2 = 0

p = 5 

Thus, p = 5.

When cells produced from de-differentiation lose their capacity to divide and mature for specific function it is known as redifferentiation.

In test tube A the water level falls because the water was absorbed by the plant through its roots dipped in water. Here no water loss occurs due to evaporation from the water surface due to presence of oil.

In test tube B the water level remains unchanged as it does not contain a rooted plant. Due to the presence of oil on surface no water loss occurs due to evaporation.

(i) Germ-cells from two individuals combine.

(ii) Chromosome number and DNA content are halved in special linkage cells in specialized organs. 

(iii) Takes place in reproductive cells maintaining the DNA content,

Roots are useful to the plants in the following way:

1. It absorbs water and minerals from the soil and transport it upward to various parts of a plant.

2. Roots fix the plant firmly in the ground.

The xylem vessels carry the water and minerals absorbed by the roots to the stem and leaves.

(a) Semi-permeable membrane: It is a membrane that allows the movement of solvent molecules (e.g. water molecules) through it but prevents the movement of solute particles (e.g. sugar or salt molecules).

For example: Egg membrane, parchment membrane, cellophane paper etc. are semipermeable membranes.

(b) Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from a region where water is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated is called osmosis.

In other words, osmosis is the diffusion of water from its pure state or dilute solution into a stronger or concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane.

Thick hair growth on the face, a voice begins to crack, hair growth in armpits. (or any other)

Gonzalo and Laura, the two former lovers, had to separate from each other. In her youthful days, Dona Laura was known in her locality as ‘The Silver Maiden’. She was fair as a lily, with jet black hair and black eyes. She was like a dream. She was in love with Gonzalo, the gallant lover. He used to pass by on horseback every morning through the rose garden and toss flowers to her balcony which she would catch. On his way back in the afternoon she would toss the flowers back to him. But Laura’s parents wanted to marry her off to a merchant whom she disliked.

One day there was a quarrel between Gonzalo and the merchant, the suitor. The merchant was badly wounded in the duel and Gonzafo had to conceal himself for a few days. Later he fled from his hometown to Seville and then to Madrid. Even though he tried to communicate with Laura through letters, all his attempts failed. He then joined the army and went to Africa.

(c) Lips,Answer is 

Let P(x₁, y₁, z₁) and Q(x₂, y₂, z₂) be the two points then Direction ratios of line joining P and Q i.e. PQ are x₂ - x₁, y₂ - y₁, z₂ - z

Here, P is(1, 5, 4) and Q is (4, 1, - 2)

Direction ratios of PQ are: (4 - 1),(1 - 5),( - 2 - 4) = 3, - 4, - 6

Ans: the direction ratios of vector PQ are: 3, - 4, - 6

Aluminium dissolves in dil.HCl and liberates dihydrogen

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2Al³⁺(aq) + 6Cl^- (aq) + 3H₂(g)

Under perfect competition, market form a firm's marginal revenue is always equal to price.

(a) Alcohol (b) Ketone.

CHCl₃, Anesthetic.

(c) Product differentiation

The IUPAC name of the alcohol which one carbon atom is Methanol.

By adding successive unite of MC we get TVC

Initially, Total Variable Cost increases at decreasing rate and eventually, it increases at an increasing rate.

(a) Interest that could have been earned on retained earnings used by the firm to finance expansion.

MC = \(\frac{ ΔTC}{ΔQ}\) = \(\frac{40-30}{10-8} \)

\(= \frac{10}{2} = Rs.5.\)

(c) Salary of watchman

(b) Decreases

Variable costs are those which are incurred on the use of variable factors. When the output changes, these costs also change. As the production increases, these costs also increase and as the production decreases these costs also fall. When the output is zero, then this cost is also zero. These costs are called Prime Costs or Direct Costs. 

Variable costs are explained with the help of given table:

The above Table shows that as the output goes on increasing, the variable cost also goes on increasing. When output is zero, the variable cost is also zero. When output is one unit, the variable cost is Rs. 10, and when it reaches six units, the variable cost is Rs. 38.

Correct answer is (a) 10

The concept of opportunity cost is not free from the following limitations:

1. The doctrine cannot be applied to those factors which are specific and which have no alternative uses. The transfer cost of such factors is zero.
2. The theory is based on the assumption of perfect competition, which is not found in reality.
3. There may be difference between individual and social costs. A smoke emithing , factory in the heart of the town may involve large sacrifice or alternatives in the form of hazards to health which cannot be measured in monetary terms.
4. The foregone alternatives are often not clearly ascertainable due to modern complex production system.
5. If factors are prevented from moving then their prices do not reflect opportunity cost.

Relation between Marginal Cost and Average Cost
(a) MC and AC both can be calculated by TC.
(b) When AC falls, MC also falls but AC > MC.
(c) When AC rises, MC also rises, but now MC > AC.
(d) When AC is minimum, then MC = AC.
In other words, MC curve cuts the AC curve at its minimum point (i.e. optimum point) and goes upwards.

(d) It is impossible to tell if marginal cost is rising or falling

The functional relationship between cost and output is called cost function. A cost function studies the functional relationship between cost and output. It spells out least cost combinations of inputs corresponding to different levels of output. 

For a producer, the costs corresponding to different levels of output can be expressed like this :
C = f (Q)
Here, C = Cost of production
Q = Quantum of output.

In the short-term, average cost curves are U-shaped. The U-shape average cost curve implies that the average cost curve falls in the early stages and it then moves up beyond a certain point. 

It can be on account of the following reasons:

(a) Basis of Average Fixed Cost and Average Variable Cost : Average cost is the aggregate of Average Fixed Cost and Average Variable Cost. With every increase in the output, the average fixed cost and average variable cost falls. But after a minimum value, average variable cost stops falling, but not the average cost. The point, where AC is minimum, is called the optimum point. Therefore, it is only due to the nature of AFC and AVC that AC first falls, reaches minimum and afterwards starts rising upward and hence assumes the U-shape.

(b) Basis of the Law of Variable Proportion : The U-shape of the short-run average cost curve can also be explained in terms of the law of variable proportion. This law states that when the quantity of a variable factor is changed, then the Total Production increases while determining the quantity of other components, but after some time, it starts decreasing. In this phase, the AC output of the firm is increasing because it is operating under the law of rising returns due to various internal economies. Thus, the ‘U’ size of short-run average cost reduction is due to non-proportional returns on the given scale of the plant.

The shape of Average Fixed Cost curve is a hyperbola. This is proved by the following facts :

(a) As output increases, AFC goes on decreasing. This is why, AFC curve is a downward sloping curve.
(b) The Average Fixed Cost curve slope should go down to touch the horizontal axis. But this will not happen because AFC cannot be zero. Thus, it is clear that the Average Fixed Cost is decreasing due to the increase in production. The Average Fixed Cost curve is a hyperbola. At different points, the total area below the curve will be the same.

Short-term Average Cost curve is U-shaped. This means that first, this curve decreases, and after reaching the minimum point, it starts moving upwards. It explains the definition of variable proportion. The law of variable ratio states that initially (unless fixed factor residue remains) the variable factor MP (marginal product) increases. And, finally (fixed factor and variable factor after reaching their ideal ratio or optimal ratio), the MP of variable factor increases.

Let the variable factor L (labour) and fixed factor be the capital. When the MPL rises, it means L. Increasing output means higher growth in AP than every additional unit of increasing MP. It is seen from a different angle, this means that the requirement of L per unit of production decreases (in case of rising return for one factor). Ultimately it means that the cost of the variable unit (L) of the output starts to fall. Or, that AVC is a habit of falling, actually the opposite situation is decreasing when the operation is decreasing. Thus, AVC takes U-shape AC = AVC + AFC. AFC only falls in the form of increase in production and its components (in TC) gradually decrease with the increase in production.

Thus, initially falling AFC combines with falling AVC to cause falling AC. Subsequently, AFC tends to be very very small, so that, while it is falling, it no longer obstructs the pace of rising AC (owing to rising AVC) to any meaningful extent. Hence, the final conclusion is that AC along with AVC tends to be U-shaped in accordance with the law of variable proportions.

(c) When the Average Cost is rising, the Marginal Cost is above the average cost.

Organic compounds having the same functional group and common properties but differing in the molecular formula from the next member by one CH₂ group, form a homologous series.