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Causes of European crusades:

• The two cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem considered holy by the Jews, Christians, and Muslims were under Islamic rule in the 11^th century.
• Christians of Europe wanted to regain hold over these cities and fought several wars known as ‘Crusaders’.
• The common people in Europe were highly inspired to be part of such religious wars.
• When the Pope announced that the sins of those who took part in such wars would be forgiven and would immediately go to Heaven, there was spontaneous participation by the common people in the crusaders.
• Besides social and political circumstances, the Roman emperors were also trying to bring Syria and Asia Minor under their control.
• Moreover, the rich merchants in Genova and Venice in Italy were looking for Central Asian markets to establish their trade.
• The first crusade started in 1096 C.E.
• A second call for the crusade was given by Pope Eugenius III who sought help from the French King Louis VII and the German King Conrad III.
• The crusaders were ultimately defeated by the Turks and in 1187 C.E. Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt defeated the crusaders by conquering Jerusalem.
• However, the crusaders failed for several reasons such as the attitude of the Pope and the European rulers common people losing faith, the rift between the Pope and the European kings, etc.

The crusades had far-reaching effects:

• According to some historians, the crusades led to the end of feudalism in Europe.
• The faith in the Pope began to decline.
• The contact with the regions in Central Asia led to the increased trade and new venues were opened for cities in Italy and Germany.
• It led to the rise of a new class of traders.
• European warfare went through many changes for e.g. they acquired expertise in building forts, managing the forts as military outposts, building bridges, etc.
• The European kings levied new taxes which were added to the royal treasury.
• The Europeans were introduced to newer types of plants, fruits, perfumes, etc.
• The Europeans came in contact with the Arabs and adopted many Arabic words in Alchemy, Music, and Commerce

Scientists who told the world that the centre of our planetary system is the ‘Sun’ and not the ‘Earth’ Nicolaus Copernicus.

The treatise was written by Varahmihir Brihatsamhita.

Substitution reaction takes place between ethane and chlorine in die presence erf sunlight

CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃ Cl + HCl 

CH₃ Cl +Cl₂ → CH₂ Cl₂ + HCl 

CH₂ Cl₂ + Cl₂ → CHCl₃ + HCl 

CHCl₃ + Cl₂ → CCl₄ + HCl

When ethanol is heated with an excess of concentrated H₂SO₄ at 160° C ethane gas is produced.

Methane is prepared by heating a mixture of sodium acetate and soda-lime.

Organic compounds having the same functional group and common properties but differing in the molecular formula from the next member by one CH₂ group, form a homologous series and such compounds are called homologs.

(d) all of above 

The author was reading the book called, ‘The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799-1909’. The author was so engrossed in the book that he even missed his regular evening walk. To complete the book he read it until past midnight. It left him exhausted.

The events from the book were very fresh in his mind. As he gradually drifted off to sleep, he entered a dream world of the evolution of aeroplanes. He could almost feel the tension and excitement of flying. Then he started seeing the important events in the history of flight in his dream.

Orville and Wilbur Wright.

(d) All of these

Rana Sangram Singh of Guhila dynasty.

Khommana of the Guhila dynasty.

The Gwalior Fort of Madhyapradesh.

The Rajputs imported Horses from Central Asia and Arabia.

a. Primary lymphoid organ: Bone marrow/thymus. Secondary lymphoid organ: Spleen/Lymph nodes/Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). (Any one) 

b. Primary lymphoid organs are the sites where immature lymphocytes differentiate into antigen sensitive lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid organs are the sites where the lymphocytes interact with antigens and proliferate to become effector cells.

a. Bone marrow. 

b. The lymphocytes produced migrate to secondary lymphoid organs like spleen, lymph nodes, etc. They trap the microorganisms thereby activating the lymphocytes present in the lymph nodes and produce an immune response.

Tire prominent Rajput dynasties namely, the Pala, the Pratihara, the Paramara, the Chauhan, the Gahrawal, the Guhila and the Solanki are among thirty six royal families.

1. Nagabhata 

2. Viiayasena 

3. Delhi

Correct Answer is: (c) 64

1. Physical geography 

2. Kalabras 

3. Gujarat 

4. Chengalpet 

5. 234 

6. Chennai 

7. 24 

8. Anaimalai 

9. Mahendragiri hills 

10. Kavalur 

11. Cauvery and Palar 

12. Karalar 

13. Arapaleeswarar 

14. Moyar 

15. Slgur

16. Coral rocks 

17. Mettur Dam 

18. Garden of Southern India 

19. Kuvattur 

20. Agasthiyar

(c) dust and smoke.

The plants need nitrogen for their growth. In atmosphere plenty of nitrogen is there but plants cannot use it directly. They need nitrogen in a soluble form. The Rhizobium a kind of bacteria which lives in the roots of gram, peas, moong, beans and other legumes. It can take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into usable form. Rhizobium provides nitrogen to plants, in return the plants provide food and shelter to the Rhizobium. Thus they have a symbiotic relationship. This is of great significance for the formers.

In lichens the cholorophyll containing part-ner Alga and Fungus live together. The fungus provides shetter, water and minerals to the Alga and in return the Alga prepares food and pro-vides to the Fungus.

Some organisms live together and share both shelter and nutrients. This relationship is called symbiosis.

It is a saprotrophic plant mucor.

Yes, such cooperation and coordination exists in plants also. These plants are called symbiotic plants, e.g., lichen.

B. Tuberculosis

C. Myasthenia gravis

The Correct option is A. Bacteria

(c) Symbiotic

(D) Mitochondria

(D) Tuberculosis

1. fungi, algae 

2. leaves 

3. nutrition

D. All of these

Correct answer is (C) Euglena

The Correct option is C. Euglena

Correct Answer is: (C) Centrosome

Ovum or secondary oocyte where the second meiotic division is yet to occur. The cytoplasm of the ovum is known as ooplasm. It contains lipoproteins, pigment granules, UNA, water and other cytoplasmic organelles.  It does not contain centrosome as centrosome helps in meiotic cell division which has already started.

A. Ribosome.

The Correct option is A. Sponges

Correct Answer is: (A) Sponges 

Gemmules are internal buds found in sponges and are involved in asexual reproduction. It is an asexually reproduced mass of cells, that is capable of developing into a new organism i.e., an adult sponge

The Correct option is D. Rabbit

Correct Answer is: (C) Humans 

One difference is that animals that have estrous cycles resorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle.

Animals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead. Another difference is sexual activity.

Humans have menstrual cycles rather than estrous cycles.

Correct answer is (A) Sponges 

Correct answer is (C) Humans 

The correct answer is (C) fenestrae

1. Foregut or stomodaeum: It consists of pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard.

2. Pharynx: It is very short, narrow but muscular tube that opens into oesophagus. 

3. Function: Conduction of food into the oesophagus. 

4. Oesophagus: It is slightly long and narrow tube which opens into crop. 

5. Crop: Crop is a large, pear shaped and sac- like organ. 

6. Function: It temporarily stores the food and then sends it to gizzard.

7. Gizzard: Gizzard or proventricuius is a small spherical organ. It is provided internally with a circlet of six chitinous teeth and backwardly directed bristles.The foregut ends with gizzard. 

Function: The chitinous teeth present in gizzard are responsible for crushing the food and the bristles help to filter the food.