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An airways or air route is a defined corridor that connects one specified location to another location at a specified altitude, along which an aircraft that meets the requirements of the airways may be flown.

Types of Airways: 

There are six types of airways:

1. Trans – Continental Global Airways. 

2. Continental Airways. 

3. National Airways. 

4. Regional Airways. 

5. Local Airways. 

6. The Airways for the various Heads of states, soldiers, battlefronts, diplomats, etc.

Importance of Airways in the World:

Importance of airways can be explained as:

1. Airways is the most rapid but most expensive means of transportation. 

2. Due to being the most expensive, only light, precious and perishable goods are sent through aircraft. 

3. In the hilly or flooded or other inaccessible areas where water transport or land transportation cannot be developed, passengers and goods can be sent by small planes or helicopters. 

4. Air transport is the most useful for relief work in natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, and war etc. 

5. When roads are blocked in the mountains due to heavy snow fall or landslides, the only option for rescue or transportation is airways. 

6. In the desert regions, airways reach for rescue or other purposes.

Trans – Continental Global Airways: Airways which are used to travel from the regions of one continent to another continent are called transcontinental global airways. These types of airways have the longest air route. 

For example,

1. New York – London – Paris – Rome – Cairo – Delhi – Mumbai – Kolkata – Hong Kong – Tokyo airway. 

2. New York – San Francisco – Honolulu – Hong Kong – Adelaide – Perth airway.

Letters, radio, television, telephones, mobile phones, newspaper, internet, satellites etc. are the various means of communication.

Correct option is (c) Sahyadris

Correct option is (d) physiography

Roadways, railways, waterways, airways and pipelines are the different kinds of transport routes.

Correct option is (c) Koyna

Correct option is (b) central.

1. ‘Of course’, everybody does not behave in this way refers to the way of behaviour of some people who, while travelling in railway trains, do not pay attention to the convenience of other fellow passengers.

2. When two motorists coming from opposite directions at night dim the light of their vehicles, they are being helpful to each other.

3. In all such actions, the good thing that we notice is that people give up a little of their convenience and freedom for the sake of others.

4. If people obey ‘the rules of the road life runs smoothly for all.

5. Joy mean pleasure and leaving means giving up.

1. The name of the lesson is “The Rule of the Road’.

2. The moral of the story is that we can enjoy our rights and freedom only if we do not interfere with other people’s rights and freedom.

3. Few people will argue like the gentleman in the story because they think wrongly that they have a right to go about spinning their walking-sticks in a busy street. However, they do not interfere with other people’s freedom purposely.

4. When we disobey rules, we interfere with other people’s rights and freedom.

5. I shall certainly help him tomorrow.

People, sometimes, act without thinking of other people’s conveniences. These people fail to realise that they are acting without getting any thought to other people’s convenience, when they put up loudspeakers outside their houses. In the same way, while travelling in a railway train, some people do not think of the convenience of other people and begin to discuss loudly India’s foreign policy or begin to smoke while other people do not like such behaviour.

People, sometimes, act without thinking of other people’s conveniences. These people fail to realise that they are acting without getting any thought to other people’s convenience, when they put up loudspeakers outside their houses. In the same way, while travelling in a railway train, some people do not think of the convenience of other people and begin to discuss loudly India’s foreign policy or begin to smoke while other people do not like such behaviour.

1. The name of the lesson is “The Rule of the Road’.

2. The moral of the story is that we can enjoy our rights and freedom only if we do not interfere with other people’s rights and freedom.

3. Few people will argue like the gentleman in the story because they think wrongly that they have a right to go about spinning their walking-sticks in a busy street. However, they do not interfere with other people’s freedom purposely.

4. When we disobey rules, we interfere with other people’s rights and freedom.

5. I shall certainly help him tomorrow.

Answer is (A) Rights

The railways that passes through a continent and connects its two ends is transcontinental railways.

Answer is (C) Lok Adalats

B) Domestic violence

President of India issued an ordinance to prevent sexual assault and abuse in 2013

(D) Medical services

Answer is (D) Army

Answer is (B) 66.4%

Some people said, “The elections are ‘a leap in the dark’, not suitable for a country like India. India is a caste-based society in which many people do not accept the idea that everyone is equal. So it won’t be possible to have a democratic election.”

There were other people who were very hopeful. They said, “Indians have participated in the National Movement to gain freedom from the British. They want to elect a government of their own choice. They want the government to work towards creating a society where everyone is treated equally. They also want the government to improve the living conditions of the people. Thus everyone should have an equal opportunity to elect a government of their choice.” To such people, the elections were ‘an act of faith’.

(D) Agriculture

Answer is (B) 1951-52

(C) 83,41,01,479

(A) 17,30,00,000

Correct option is (D) None of these

Correct option is (A) Entrepreneur

(b) (i) and (iv)

The entrepreneurs enter into the business of giving service products to end consumers.

 Example: Banking, Insurance and Transport services.

Correct option is (C) Profit

urban entrepreneur

Agricultural entrepreneurs are those entrepreneurs who raise farm products and market them. They use the various inputs like labour, fertilizer, insecticide, water technology, etc., to raise the products and market their products either directly or through cooperative entities or through brokers or through tie up with large retailers.

Ventures started by individual either singly or collectively at their own risk after mobilising – various, resources in order to earn profit are called private entrepreneurship.

(a) Pressure and surface winds- Development of low and high pressure during different seasons and the consequent development and pattern of wind movements.

(b) Upper air circulation- Development and the position of Jet stream during different seasons.

(c) Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones- Inflow of western disturbances during winters and the development of tropical cyclones over the seas.

Reserved Constituencies:

1. Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). In these constituencies, only someone who belongs to these categories can contest election.

2. Arguments for introduction of Reserved Constituencies

3. The Constitution makers were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain weaker sections may not stand a good chance to get elected to Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies.

4. They may not have the required resources, education and contacts to contest and win elections against others.

5. If the reservation is not done, our Parliament and Assemblies would be deprived of the voice of a significant section of our population.

According to our election commission laws no party or candidate can:

1. Bribe or threaten voters

2. Appeal to voters in the name of caste or religion

3. Use government resources for election campaign;

4. Spend no more than 25 lakhs in a constituency for Lok Sabha election or 10 lakhs in a constituency in an assembly election.

Rights are necessary for the sustenance of democracy because:

1. Every citizen must have the right to vote and the right to be elected.

2. Every citizen should have the right to express his/her opinion.

3. Citizens have the right to form political parties.

4. Right to project minorities from the oppression of majority.

5. Right to act as a check on misuse of government power.

Two Houses of Parliament in India: 

(i) Lok Sabha  

(ii) Rajya Sabha

Lok Sabha is more powerful because:

1. If both the houses disagree on an ordinary bill, the will of Lok Sabha will prevail in the joint session due to its larger number.

2. Lok Sabha enjoys more powers in money matter. For example a money bill can only be introduced in Lok Sabha.

3. Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers.

4. Only Lok Sabha can pass the no-confidence motion against the Council of Ministers.

Correct option is (C) Produced

Entrepreneur:

• Entrepreneur is the factor which brings together or say coordinates all other
  factors of production for the production process. Without entrepreneur, economic activity is not possible.
• Entrepreneur is the person who establishes the enterprise and takes the risk of coordinating economic activities.
• This factor of production i.e. the entrepreneur does not get fixed return but tries to generate income by running the economic activity successfully. He/ she may even incur a loss if the activity does not function well.

Characteristics of entrepreneur:

• This factor decides the activity that will take place.
• This factor is known as the risk taking factor.
• It possesses the quality of co-ordination. In other words, ‘entrepreneurship’ is a quality.
• The remuneration of this factor is called profit.

Capital:

• All manmade goods which help in production are called capital. Capital differs from land and labour as it is a ‘produced’ factor of production. In other words, it is a manmade factor of production.
• For example, a tractor is a ‘produced’ factor of production which further helps in the production of agricultural goods.

Characteristics of capital:

• Capital is a manmade factor of production.
• It is the most mobile of all factors of production.
• The increasing demand for capital in present times owing to increasing capital intensive methods of production has resulted in increasing scarcity of this factor.
• The remuneration of capital is called ‘interest’.

Human life is highly dynamic. It keeps on changing with time. Similarly, economic activities go through phases of dynamic changes.

Economic activities experience changes of four types. They are discussed below:
1. Irregular changes:

Changes that occur accidentally in an economic activity are called irregular changes.

Example:

• Floods, famines, storms, fire, etc. Such accidents affect the economic activity in the short run and sometimes in the long run too.
• These changes may generally occur and/or have their impact only in few sectors or few regions of an economy. For example, flood may have impact only in the agricultural sector or only in the industrial sector.

2. Seasonal changes:

Changes that occur quite often with change in season are called seasonal changes.

Example:
Demand for certain goods changes with change in seasons. This then affect production and employment.

3. Long run regular changes:

Some changes occur in a specific direction in the form of a trend. These are directional changes which occur in an activity.

Example: Some regular sales trends.

4. Cyclical changes:

• Changes occurring in repeated manner i.e. in cycles are called cyclic changes.
• The fluctuations arising in an economy over its long run creates upward and downward swings in the growth of economic activities. These fluctuations i.e. rise and fall in economic activities are called cyclical changes of economic activities.

Correct option is B) Nehru

The water that is obtained due to the process of water absorbed by the lower strata of the land is known as groundwater.

Hyderabad was the largest princely state of India under the rule of Nizam. One of the world’s richest person. Nizam wanted Hyderabad to be an independent state. But the people of Hyderabad were not happy with the rule of Nizam due to his non-democratic practices. Hence, various section of society agitated against him: 

1. The peasants in Telangana region particularly rose voice against him. 

2. Women also joined the movement in large number. 

3. The communist and Hyderabad congress were in the forefront of movement. 

4. Nizam responded by unbashing a Razakars paramilitary force on people. 

5. Ultimately, the central government had to order the army to tackle and in 1948, Indian army moved in control the Nizam’s forces. 

All the above mentioned situations led to an accession of Hyderabad.

The Vishalandhra movement demanded that Telugu speaking areas should be separated from Madras Province of which they were a part and be made into a separate Andhra Province.

India proved herself through all stages of three challenges at the time of nation building like: 

1. India is a secular country where people speak different languages and follow different cultures and religions to be recognized as a nation of unity in diversity with common faith and beliefs. 

2. Political aspiration ensures democratic setup based on parliamentary form of government creating political competition in a democratic framework. 

3. India’s imaginations established a welfare state on the principle of equality and special protection to socially disadvantaged groups and religions as well as cultural communities.

The State Reorganization Commission was set up in 1953 by central government to look into the matter of redrawing of boundaries of state:

 1. The commission evolved that states’ boundaries should reflect the boundaries of different languages to accommodate linguistic diversity. 

2. The State Reorganization Act was passed in 1956 which resulted the creation of 14 states and 6 union territories. 

3. Its most salient recommendation was the formation of linguistic states i.e. to reorganize states on the basis of accommodation of their languages to prepare a uniform base for the nation.

The leader Potti Sriramulu of Madras resigned from government job to participate in Salt Satyagraha and advocated equality in the society and demanded entry of dalits in temples of Madras as well as observed fast unto death since 19 October 1952 to create separate state of Andhra Pradesh.