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The main sweet water lakes of Rajasthan are: 

1. Rajasthan lake 

2. Jaisamand lake 

3. Pichholalake 

4. Fatehsagar lake 

5. Ana Sagar lake 

6. Pushkar lake 

7. Siliserh lake

River Sabarmati originates from North-West part of Udaipur.

(a)  Ghaggar

Most parts of Rajasthan usually get winter rainfall which is called Mawath. This winter rain occurs usually due to the entrance of the ‘Mediterranean Lows’.

(а) Kota-Bundi-Baran-Jhalawar

(b) June to September

(c) Heavy to very heavy rains

The causes of scarce rainfall in Rajasthan are: 

1. The Aravalli mountain ranges lie parallel to the Arabian sea mountain branch, hence the monsoon passes over it without shedding rains. 

2. Monsoons arising from the Bay of Bengal become quite weak as they reach Rajasthan. 

3. The Aravalli mountain ranges have less of height and vegetation hence the rainfall is adversely affected.

Rajasthan has dry (Arid) to semi-moisture monsoon climate.

The nature of climate of Rajasthan is well understood with reference to three seasons: 

1. Summer Season (March to Mid June) 

2. Rainy Season (Mid-June to September) 

3. Cold/Winter Season (October to February) 

1. Summer Season (March to Mid June): 

It begins in March when the sun, at this time is in Northwards direction and the temperature continues rising steadily. During May-June months the whole of Rajasthan experiences high temperature. The temperature touches 40°C especially in Jaisalmer, Barmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur, and Churu districts of Western Rajasthan. In the eastern Rajasthan, the districts of Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar, Sikar, Ajmer, Tonk, Chittorgarh, Dungarpur and Banswara, temperature varies between 30°C to 40°C.

In the elevated parts of the southern Aravalli, temperature is less because of high altitude. Even Hadauti experiences heat and the temperature remains between 36°C to 40°C. It is a period of hot and sandy winds. In the arid regions, temperature falls. There is a less of moisture in the air and the whole state in the grip of heat.

2. Rainy Season (Mid-June to September): 

When the whole state is in the grip of scorching heat by mid- June, there occurs a change in the air pressure and direction of the winds. At the same time the monsoon winds arise from the Indian ocean. By the end of June or the first week of July the monsoons become active in the south and south-east and eastern Rajasthan. Rajasthan, comparatively gets less of monsoon rains because:

1. The Aravalli mountain ranges lie parallel to the monsoon branch of the Arabian sea. Thus the monsoons without being intercepted, pass over Rajasthan without giving rains. 

2. The moisture laden monsoons from the Bay of Bengal become weak by the time they reach Rajasthan. 

3. Rains are also adversely affected due to comparatively less height of the Aravalli mountain ranges and scarce vegetation. Rajasthan gets rains mostly from June to September.

The Western Rajasthan is Marusthali. Here the rainfall is less than 40 cm. On the contrary the eastern and south¬eastern areas get heavy rainfall. The regions surrounding Abu Mountains get maximum rainfall upto 150 cm. Kota, Jhalawar Baran,Chittorgarh and Sirohi receive mean annual rainfall of 90 cm. The districts getting minimum rainfall— between 10 cm to 25 cm in Rajasthan — are Jaisalmer, Barmer and Ganganagar.

3. Cold/Winter Season (October to February): 

The rainy season does not terminate abruptly. It starts retreating from October. During this period the maximum temperature is recorded between 30° C to 50° C and minimum upto 20° C. While retreating, the monsoons shower lightly over some parts.

In fact, the Winter season begins in Rajasthan in December, because this is the time when the sun is in southward direction. The North-West cool winds start blowing over Rajasthan.

At the same time the mediterranean cyclones enter the state, bringing some rainfall known as the Mawath. This rainfall is very useful for the Rabi crops. In the month of January, the Rainy season is in its full swing. The temperature varies between 5° C to 15° C. Temperature in Churu, Falaudi touches zero degree and Barmer, Kota, Bundi and Southern Madhopur districts, during the same period, have more than 10°C temperature.

The main physiographical regions of Rajasthan are: 

1. Western Marusthali region 

2. Aravalli Mountain region 

3. Eastern Plain region 

4. South-East Plateau (Hadoti Plateau)

Four characteristics of Rajasthan climate are: 

1. Mainly dry and semi-dry. 

2. Insufficient and uncertainty of rains. 

3. Unequal distribution of rains 

4. Maximum of rainfall between June to September months.

(b) Jaisalmer

Physiographical Regions of Rajasthan are: 

1. Western Thar Desert Region. 

2. Aravalli Mountainous Region. 

3. Eastern Plain Region. 

4. South-Eastern Plateau (Pleateau of Hadoti).

1. Western Marusthali Region: 

Western region of the Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan is the arid and semi arid Marusthali region. It is known as the Thar Marusthal because of its own peculiarities. It covers the districts of Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Pali, Jalore, Nagaur, Sikar, Churu, Jhunjhunu, Hanumangarh and Ganganagar. This region is further divided into four parts because of its diverse relief feature in different parts and they are:

1. Dry-sandy or Marusthali 

2. Luni-Jawai Basin 

3. Shekhawati Region 

4. Ghaggar Plain

(1) Marusthali Region: 

It covers the western parts of Churu and Jodhpur districts besides the districts of Jaisalmer and Bikaner. It is the dry Marusthali region and receives the annual average rainfall less than 25 cm. It has a vast extent of sandy domes. 

(2) Luni-Jawai Basin: 

It is a semi-arid region where Luni and its main Jawai and other auxiliary rivers flow. It covers the districts of Pali, Jalore and Jodhpur and the Western parts of Nagaur district. It is a river based plain, and is also known as the Luni Basin. 

(3) Shekhawati Region: 

It is popularly known as the Bagar region. It is spread over the districts of Jhunjhunu, Sikar and Churu and the northern part of the Nagaur district. It is a sandy region and it has sandy domes of less elevation. It has many salt water pits, such as Didwana, Degana, Sujangarh, Talchappar, Parihara, Kuchaman, etc. 

(4) Ghaggar Plain: 

The plain region of Ganganagar and Hanumangarh district has come into existence as a result of floods in the river Ghaggar. Presently the Ghaggar river is called the Dead River because its water flow surface is not regular, but during the rainy season it is flooded. It is in fact the ancient vedic period Saraswati river which has become extinct.

2. Aravalli Mountainous Region: 

Aravalli is the oldest mountain range in the world. It runs diagonally from South-West to North-East in the state. The mountain ranges stretch from Delhi in the North to Palampur in Gujarat covering a distance of about 692 km. It is spread over the seven districts of the state — Sirohi, Udaipur, Rajsamand, Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa and Alwar. 

The Aravalli Mountain region has its three sub- divisions:

1. Southern Aravalli Region 

2. Central Aravalli Region 

3. Northern Aravalli Region

(1) Southern Aravalli Region: It includes Sirohi, Udaipur and Rajsamand districts. It has Guru Shikhar mountain, the highest peak of Rajasthan. It is 1722 m high. 

(2) Central Aravalli Region: It has extent mainly in Ajmer district. This region has mountain ranges as well as narrow valleys and plain surface. 

(3) Northern Aravalli Region: It has its extent mainly in Jaipur, Alwar and Dausa districts. Hills in this region have height varying between 450 m to 750 m.

3. Eastern Plain Region: 

The eastern part of Rajasthan is plain. It covers the plain areas of Bharatpur, Alwar, Dhaulpur, Karauli, Sawai Madhopur, Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk and Bhilwara districts. It is the river basin region. It has three sub-regions: 

1. Banas-Baanganga Basin 

2. Chambal Basin 

3. Central Mahi Basin or Chhappar Plain

4. South-Eastern Plateau Region and Hadauti: 

It is the extension of the Malwa plateau and is stretched over Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar and Baran districts. The height of this region is 500 m and there are many small mountain ranges and among them the Bundi, and the Mukandara hills are important. River Chambal and its main auxiliaries — Kali Sindh, Parvan and Parvati rivers flow through this region and they make the land cultivable.

I. The Eastern Plain Region: 

The eastern region of Rajasthan is a plain area which lies to the east of Aravalli. It includes the plain areas of Bharatpur, Alwar, Dhaulpur, Karauli, Swaimadhopur, Jaipur, Dausa, Tonk and Bhilwara districts. It is the river basin region made of the mud deposited by the rivers. 

This plain region has three sub-regions: 

1. Banas-Banganga Basin 

2. Chambal Basin 

3. Central Mahi-Basin and Chhappan Plain

(1) Banas-Banganga Basin: 

It is a vast plain made by the mud deposited by the Banas and its auxiliary rivers such as Banganga, Berach, Kothari, Dane, Sahodara, Manasi, Dhundh, Bandy, Morel, Vagan, Gambhir, etc. This plain region is between 150 m to 300 m high from the sea level and its steep is eastward. 

(2) Chambal Basin: 

It includes Kota, Sawai Madhopur, Karauli and Jodhpur districts. Kota falls in Hadauti, but it has the Chambal plain region. 

(3) Central Mahi-Basin and Chhappan Plain: 

It extends over Dungarpur, Banswara and Pratapgarh districts from south-east Udaipur. The river Mahi flows through it. This river arises from Madhya Pradesh, passes from here and drains into the Bay of Khabhat. It is an uneven region and there are small hills all around. As it is the hilly region, it is known as ‘Bangar’ in the local dialect. There is a group of 56 villages between Pratapgarh and Banswara; hence it is also known as the Chhappan Plain.

II. South-East Plateau Region or Hadauti: 

South-East part of Rajasthan is a plateau region which is known as the Hadauti Plateau. It is the extension of the Malwa plateau and it has its spread over Kota, Bundi, Jhalwar and Baran districts. The average height of this area is 500 m and there are many small sized mountain ranges. Among them the Mukandara and the Bundi hills are prominent. The river Chambal and its auxiliaries as Kali Sindh, Parwan and Parvati rivers flow through it and the plains made by the mud deposited by these rivers are most suitable for agriculture.

(c) Guru Shikhar

Aravalli mountain range is the unique geographical region of Rajasthan. Aravalli is the most ancient mountain range of the world, which runs diagonally in the state from North-East to South-West. It has its extent of about 692 km originating from Delhi in the North of Palampur in Gujarat. It extends over seven districts of the state, namely Sirohi, Udaipur, Rajsamand and Ajmer, Jaipur, Dausa and Alwar.

 The Aravalli Mountain Range is divided into three sub-regions:

1. South Aravalli Region 

2. Central Aravalli Region 

3. North Aravalli Region

(1) South Aravalli Region: 

It includes Sirohi, Udaipur and Rajsamand districts. It is totally a mountainous region. Herein the Aravalli ranges are highly dense and elevated. There are many high peaks of the Aravalli ranges here. It has ‘Guru shikhar’, the highest mountain peak of Rajasthan. Its height is 1722 m and is located in the Mt. Abu area of Sirohi district. Other main high mountain peaks are Ser (1597 m), Achalgarh (1380 m) and Rishikesh (10l!7 m). The Udaipur Rajsamand region has Jaraga mountain, the highest peaik. It is 1431 m high. Other ranges of this area are Kumbhalgarh (1224 m) Lilagarh (874 m) Kamalnath hills (1001 m) and Sajjangarh (938 m). To the northwest of Udaipur there is a plateau between Khumbhalgarh and Gogunda, known as ‘Bhorat Plateau’.

(2) Central Aravalli Region: 

It lies mainly in Ajmer district. This area includes mountain ranges as well as narrow valley and plain land. Taragarh (870 m) in the south-west part of Ajmer and Sarpilakar mountain ranges in the west are known as ‘Naag hills’ (795 m). In Beawar tehsil there are four passes of Aravalli ranges, namely Bur, Parweria and Shivpura ghat, Sura ghat pass and Debari.

(3) Northern Aravalli Region: 

It has its extent over Jaipur, Dausa and Alwar districts. Here the Aravalli ranges are not continuous but are irregular. This region has Shekhawati hills, Torawati hills and Jaipur and Alwar hills. Average height of the hills varies between 450 m to 750 m. Its main high peaks are Raghunathgarh (1055 m) in Sikar district, Bairath (792 m) in Alwar and Kho (920 m) in Jaipur. Other high peaks in this region are Jaigarh, Nahargarh, Alwar fort and Bilali.

(b) 2 

If l = 0, 

number of electrons = (2l + 1) 

= 2 (2 x 0 + 1) 

= 2

(c) 32

Number of electrons in the main shell = 2n² n = 4, for N shell. 

∴ Maximum number of electrons in N shell = 2(4)² = 32.

(b) 14

forbital – l = 3. 

Maximum number of electrons in sub shell = 2(2l + 1) 

∴ For ‘f’ orbital, the maximum number of electrons = 2(2 x 3 + 1) = 14.

(a) South-West to North-East

Answer: (c) l

(b) The electron may be in 4 d orbital 

• Rutherford bombarded a thin gold foil with a stream of fast moving α – particles. 
• It was observed that most of the α-particles passed through the foil. 
• Some of them were deflected through a small angle. 
• Very few α- particles were reflected back by 180°. 
• Based on these observations, he proposed that in an atom, there is a tiny positively charged nucleus and the electrons are moving around the nucleus with high speed.

(c) J.J. Thomson cathode ray experiment.

\(\bullet\)  The theory of electromagnetic radiation states that a moving charged particle should continuously loose its energy in the form of radiation.

 \(\bullet\)  O Therefore, the moving electron in an atom should continuously loose its energy and finally collide with nucleus resulting in the collapse of the atom

(d) λ = h / mv

(a) A - 3, B - 4, C - 1, D - 2

1. Usually they are travelling artists.

2. They have to meet more expenses. 

3. They have less income due to the lack of programmes.

So it has always been difficult for artists to earn their livelihood by practising art. They should be arranged some minimum common facilities by the government. The government should encourage and arrange their programmes frequently. The scheme Food for Work also should be implemented.

(A) Bhagya Reddy Varma

Supported:

1. Bangalore Nagaratnamma 

2. Balasaraswathi

Opposed:

1. Veeresalingam 

2. Bhagya Reddy Varma

Those who wanted to reform it:

1. Rukmini Devi 

2. E. Krishna Iyer

Answer is (A) Gusadi

Economic planning is an important feature of Mixed Economy.

Answer is (A) Artistes

(b) 2, 1, +1, – 1/2

This sentence was said by Anju to Reshma.

This sentence was said by Anju to her friends.

\(\bullet\)  Three different orientations in space that are possible for a p-orbital. All the three p-orbitals, namely p_x , p_y and p_z have same energies and are called degenerate orbitals. 

 \(\bullet\)  In the presence of magnetic or electric field, the degeneracy is lost.

This sentence was said by Reshma to Anju.

This sentence was said by Reshma to her mother.

Answer: (c) 2 

1. Mitra learnt to catch fish again.

2. The children were worried because Mitra disappeared suddenly.

\(\bullet\)  Ψ itself has no physical meaning but it represents an atomic orbital. 

 \(\bullet\)  Ψ² is related to the probability of finding the electrons within a given volume of space.

\(\bullet\)  Shape of s – orbital – sphere 

\(\bullet\) Shape of p – orbital – dumb bell 

\(\bullet\) Shape of d – orbital – clover leaf

(c) A - 2, B - 3, C - 4, D - 1 

1. Mitra was treated like a royal guest.

2. The children caressed and played with Mitra.

They signed up and created their account in the website. Then they selected the gift of their choice from the given categories. They added the gift to the cart and paid the total amount via online banking. When the gift was delivered to them they checked and ensured that the gift was genuine.

1. According to Anita, It is difficult for Mitra to make new friends because he is lame.

2. The children helped Reshma to hold the bird while she fed him with an ink-filler.

(b) 9 

3^rd energy level Number of orbitals = ? 

n = 3 main shell = m 

l = 0, 1,2 m = 0, -1,0, +1 

Total = 9 orbitals.