Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

(D) All of these

Correct Answer is: (B) Sudden increase in BP & Heart beat. 

The immediate metabolic changes in the body noticed after consuming tobacco are sudden increase in BP and heart rate, apart from myocardial contractility. 

This increase in these parameters is triggered by the nicotine present in the tobacco. Such changes in the human body are known as hemodynamic changes.

Air Pollution: Air is polluted by natural processes like a volcanic eruption, crop pollination, etc. mostly it is polluted by human activities like burning of coal, wood, diesel oil, kerosene, petrol etc.

Cause of Air Pollution:-

(i) Combustion of natural gas, petroleum, coal and wood is industries, automobiles, aircraft, railways, thermal plants, agricultural brning, kitchens, etc.

(Soot, flyash, CO₂,CO, Nitrogen Oxide, SO₂)

(ii) Metallurgical Processing

(iii) Chemical industries including pesticides, fertilizers, weedicides, fungicides.

(iv) Cosmetics

(v) Processing industries like cotton textile, wheat flour mills, asbestos

(vi) Welding, stone crushing, gem grinding, etc.

Primary Air Pollutants and their Effects:-

Primary Air Pollutants:-

Particular matter, CO, CO₂, H₂S, Hydrocarbons, SO₂, Nitrogen oxide etc.

(i) Particular matter:- It consists of soot, flyash, dust of various types, fur, hair, spores, pollen grains etc. They pass deep into the lungs causing breathing and respiratory problems, irritation, inflammation and damage to lungs resulting is pre-mature death.

(ii) CO:- It is produced due to incomplete combustion, metallurgical operation and naturally by plants as well as animals. 50% emission are from automobiles. CO combines with haemoglobin, produces carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). It impairs oxygen transport resulting in giddiness, headache, decreased vision, cardiovascular malfunction and asphyxia.

(iii) CO₂:- In excess it causes headache and nausea.

(iv) H₂S:- It causes mottled chlorosis and defoliation in plants, decolourises paints, produces eye irritation, throat irritation and nausea.

(v) Hydrocarbon(HCs) or Volatile Organic Carbons (VoCs):- Hydrocarbons, especially polynuclear aromatic (PAH) and formaldehyde are carcinogenic, cause irritation of eyes and mucous membrane and bronchial constriction. There is increased mucus secretion and tearing of alveoli.

(vi) SO₂:- 

(a) It causes chlorosis and necrosis of vegetation.

(b) SO₂, above 1 ppm affects human beings. If causes irritation to eyes and injury to respiratory tract (asthama, bronchitis, emphysema).

(c) It results in discolouration and deterioration, sculptures, painted surfaces, fabrics, paper, leather etc. The reported threat to Taj Mahal of Agra from nearby refinary of Mathura is on account of it.

(vii) Nitrogen oxide:- (N₂O, NO, NO₂, N₂O₄, N₂O₅)

(a) They have a corrosive effect on metals

(b) They cause fading and deterioration of different types of textiles

(c) They produce lesions, necrosis, defoliation, die back and death of many plants

(d) they cause eye irritation, respiratory troubles, lung edema, blood congestion and ditetion of arteries

(viii) Fluorides:- In animals, fluorides bring about abnormal calcification of bones and teeth (making them weak), frequent diarrhoea and swelling of knee bones. In human there is motting of teeth, weak bones, boat-shaped posture, knocking knees, gastrointestinal and neuromuscular disorders.

Correct Answer is: (A) Flocs 

The masses of bacteria associated with fungal filament to form a mesh like structure is called flocs. Flocs also help in the treatment of sewage.

Answer is Floes

Bt toxin exist as inactive protoxin in the bacterium. It becomes active only when it enters the gut of insect due to the alkaline pH of the gut which solubilise the crystals.

Consider the heights as h and 3h and radii as 3r and r

So we get

V₁ = 1/3 π (3r) ²h and V₂ = 1/3 πr² × 3h

By dividing both we get

V₁/ V₂ = (1/3 π (3r) ²h)/ (1/3 πr² × 3h)

On further calculation

V₁/ V₂ = 3/1

It can be written as

V₁:V₂ = 3:1

Therefore, it is proved that their volumes are in the ratio 3:1.

It is given that

Height of the cone = 3.6cm

Radius of the cone = 1.6cm

Radius after melting = 1.2cm

We know that

Volume of original cone = Volume of cone after melting

By substituting the values

1/3 π × 1.6² × 3.6 = 1/3 π × 1.2² × h

It can be written as

h = (1/3 π × 1.6² × 3.6)/ (1/3 π × 1.2²)

On further calculation

h = 6.4cm

Therefore, the height of the right circular cone is 6.4cm.

Consider the curved surface area of cylinder and cone as 8x and 5x.

So we get

2 πrh = 8x …….. (1)

Πr √ (h² + r²) = 5x ……… (2)

By squaring equation (1)

(2 πrh)² = (8x)²

So we get

4 π²r²h² = 64 x² …….. (3)

By squaring equation (2)

Π²r² (h² + r²) = 25x² …… (4)

Dividing equation (3) by (4)

4 π²r²h²/ π²r² (h² + r²) = 64 x²/25x²

On further calculation

h²/ (h² + r²) = 16/25

It can be written as

9 h² = 16 r²

So we get

r²/ h² = 9/16

By taking square root

r/ h = ¾

We get

r: h = 3:4

Therefore, it is proved that the radius and height of each has the ratio 3:4.

(i) We have, 

Radius of cone = 6 cm 

Height of cone = 7 cm 

So, 

volume of cone = \(\frac{1}{3}\)πr²h 

= 1/3 × 22/7 ×36×7 

= 264 cm³

(ii) We have, 

radius = 3.5 cm 

height = 12 cm 

volume of cone = 1/3×22/7×3.5×3.5×12 

= 154 cm³

(iii) We have, 

height = 21 cm s

lant height = 28 cm 

radius r = √(28 2-21 2) 

= √49×7 

= 7√7 cm

Volume of cone = 1/3×22/7×7√7×7√7×21 

= 7546 cm³

For cylinder, we have 

Base radius = r 

Height = h 

∴ Curved surface area S₁ = 2πrh 

For cone, we have 

Slant height l = \(\sqrt{r^2+h^2}\)

S₂ = πrl = πr\(\sqrt{r^2+h^2}\)

We have,

\(\frac{S_1}{S_2}\) = \(\frac{8}{5}\) = \(\frac{2\pi rh}{\pi r\sqrt{r^2+h^2}}\)

= \(\frac{2h}{\sqrt{r^2+h^2}}\) = \(\frac{8}{5}\)

(squaring both side)

 = \(\frac{4h^2}{{r^2+h^2}}\) = \(\frac{64}{25}\) 

= 100h² = 64r² + 64h²

= 36h² = 64r²

(Square root both side)

= 6h = 8r

= \(\frac{r}{h}\) = \(\frac{3}{4}\)

Height of a cone = 15 cm 

Volume of cone = 500 π cm³ 

We know, Volume of cone = \(\frac{1}{3}\)πr²h 

So, 500π = \(\frac{1}{3}\)πr² x 15 

r² = 100 

or r = 10 

Radius of base is 10 cm.

Tang dynasty undertook enormous public

(a) Jerusalem

(c) Prophet Mohammed

China excelled in Ceramics and Porcelain

Between 8th and 7th centuries B.C. (BCE), the warring states in China built defensive walls to protect themselves from enemies from the north. During Chin (Qin) Dynasty, the separate walls were connected and consequently the wall stretched from east to west for about 5000 kilometres. This wall, considered to be one of the wonders of the world, served to keep nomadic tribes out. The Wall was further extended and strengthened by the succeeding dynasties. Now ’ it is 6,700 kilometres in length.

During the two-hundred-year rule of Fujiwaras, a new class of large landholders emerged. These landholders were also military men, called Daimyos (meaning great names-lords). The Daimyos became powerful with their retainers and armies. Involved in personal fights, they ignored the central government in Kyoto. Out of the fight between two chief families, the Tara and the Minamota, Yoritomo emerged successful. In AD (CE) 1192, the emperor gave him the high sounding title of Sei-i-tai-Shogun, which means the Barbarian-subduing-Great-General. The title carried full power to govern hereditarily. The Shogun became the real ruler. In this way began the rule of Shogunate.

New elements were included in Christian theology. They were the theory of priesthood and the theory of sacraments. These two elements increased the power of the clergy. These two elements also helped the Church to extend its authority over all of its lay members. Excommunication and Interdict were the two instruments used against those who defied the Church.

The Arabs had a scientific spirit of inquiry. In some subjects like medicine and mathematics they learnt much from India. Many Arab students went to Takshashila, which was still a great university for specialized medicine. Indian scholars and mathematicians came in large numbers to Baghdad. Sanskrit books on medicine and other subjects were translated into Arabic. In medicine and surgery, Arab physicians and surgeons earned a great reputation.

(d) A is correct, R is the correct explanation of A

1. Mongols were nomads. They came into Europe from the Steppes of Asiatic Russia. 

2. They were herdsmen.

3. The Mongols were experts in warfare and produced a remarkable chief, Chengiz Khan. 

4. He was a great military genius. 

5. His religion was Shamanism, a worship of the “Everlasting Blue Sky. Mongols’ hold over Russia for about 300 years made Russia technologically backward from the rest of Europe until the end of Middle Ages”.

Rule in China 

1. The Mongols established their rule in the name of Yuan dynasty. 

2. The Mongols, who overran Persia and the whole of Central Asia, did not spare China either. 

3. Mangu Khan became the Great Khan in 1252 who appointed Kublai Khan the Governor of China.

4. The Mongol presence from one end of Eurasia to the other played a key role in spreading Chinese technological advances to the less developed societies in the west. 

5. Though the Mongol court in Beijing impressed a foreigner like Marco Polo, the poverty of peasantry continued. 

6. There were revolts of religious sects and secret societies. 

7. Finally, the leader of “Red Turbans” Chu Yuan Chang took the Mongol capital Beijing and proclaimed himself emperor in 1369. 

8. The Ming Empire, which replaced the Mongol empire, consciously discouraged industry and foreign trade in order to concentrate on agriculture. 

9. This resulted in China lagging behind in the 16th century.

10. Other parts of Eurasia, building on the techniques of the Chinese, began to march ahead.

The founders of Saracenic Civilization were Arabs 

(d) 476 A.D (C.E) and 1453 A.D (C.E)

(a) A is correct; R is wrong

(iii) and (iv) are correct

(a) The descendants of the Prophet Mohammad’s uncle Abbas and his followers were called Abbasids. ’

(b) “The commander of the faithful” was the title assumed by Abbasid Caliph.

(c) Baghdad in Iraq

(d) The Abbasid Empire was at the height of its glory during the reign of Harun-al-Rashid.

1. (d)

2. (e) 

3. (a) 

4. (c) 

5. (b)

(a) The Tara and Minamota

(b) Yoritomo emerged successful in the fight.

(c) The high sounding title of Sei-i-tai Shogun (which means the Barbarian-Subduing-Great- General).

(d) The capital of the first Shogunate established at Kamakura,

Possible harmful effects of usage of Nanoparticles:

1. The research on the harmful impact of application of nanotechnology is also equally important and fast developing. The major concern here is that the nanoparticles have the dimensions same as that of the biological molecules such as proteins. They may easily get absorbed onto the surface of living organisms and they might enter the tissues and fluids of the body.

2. The adsorbing nature depends on the surface of the nanoparticle. Indeed, it is possible to deliver a drug directly to a specific cell in the body by designing the surface of a nanoparticle so that it adsorbs specifically onto the surface of the target cell.

3. The interaction with living systems is also affected by the dimensions of the nanoparticles. For instance, nanoparticles of a few nanometers size may reach well inside biomolecules, which is not possible for larger nanoparticles.

4. Nanoparticles can also cross cell membranes. It is also possible for the inhaled nanoparticles to reach the blood, to reach other sites such as the liver, heart or blood cells.

5. Researchers are trying to understand the response of living organisms to the presence of nanoparticles of varying size, shape, chemical composition and surface characteristics.

(a) Peacock feather

(b) Nanomaterial

(b) Bottom up approach

1. Nanoscience: 

• Nanoscience is the science of objects with typical sizes of 1 – 100 nm. Nano means one – billionth of a metre that is 10^-9 m. 
• If matter is divided into such small objects the mechanical, electrical, optical, magnetic and other properties change.

 2. Nanotechnology:

• Nanotechnology is a technology involving the design, production, characterization, and applications of nano structured materials.

1. Single strand DNA:

A single strand of DNA, the building block of all living things, is about three nanometers wide. 

2. Morpho Butterfly:

The scales on the wings of a morpho butterfly contain nanostructures that change the way light waves interact with each other, giving the wings brilliant metallic blue and green hues. Mimic in laboratories – Manipulation of colours by adjusting the size of nano particles with which the materials are made.

(i) Automotive industry:

• Lightweight construction 
• Painting (fillers, base coat, clear coat) 
• Catalysts 
• Tires (fillers) 
• Sensors
• Coatings for window screen and car bodies

(ii) Chemical industry: 

• Fillers for paint systems 
• Coating systems based on nanocomposites 
• Impregnation of papers 
• Switchable adhesives 
• Magnetic fluids

 (iii) Engineering 

• Wear protection for tools and machines (anti blocking coatings, scratch resistant coatings on plastic parts, etc.) 
• Lubricant – free bearings

 (iv) Electronic industry

• Data memory 
• Displays 
• Laser diodes 
• Glass fibres 
• Optical switches 
• Filters (IR-blocking) 
• Conductive, antistatic coatings

 (v) Construction:

• Construction materials 
• Thermal insulation 
• Flame retardants 
• Surface – functionalised building materials for wood, floors, stone, facades, tiles, roof tiles, etc.
• Facade coatings 
• Groove mortar

(vi) Medicine: 

• Drug delivery systems 
• Contrast medium 
• Prostheses and implants 
• Agents in cancer therapy 
• Active agents 
• Medical rapid tests 
• Antimicrobial agents and coatings

 (vii) Textile / fabrics / non – wovens:

• Surface – processed textiles 
• Smart clothes

 (viii) Energy:

• Fuel cells 
• Solar cells 
• Batteries 
• Capacitors

 (ix) Cosmetics:

• Sun protection 
• Lipsticks 
• Skin creams 
• Tooth paste

 (x) Food and drinks:

• Package materials 
• Additives

(xi) Household: 

• Ceramic coatings for irons 
• Odors catalyst Cleaner for glass, 
• ceramic, floor, windows

(xii) Sports / outdoor:

• Ski wax 
• Antifogging of glasses / goggles
•  Antifouling coatings for ships / boats 
• Reinforced tennis rackets and balls.

(d) Steel and aluminum.

(i) Human Robot:

Certain robots are made to resemble humans in appearance and replicate the human activities like walking, lifting, and sensing, etc.

1. Power conversion unit:

Robots are powered by batteries, solar power, and hydraulics.

2. Actuators:

Converts energy into movement. The majority of the actuators produce rotational or linear motion.

3. Electric motors: 

They are used to actuate the parts of the robots like wheels, arms, fingers, legs, sensors, camera, weapon systems etc. Different types of electric motors are used. The most often used ones are AC motor, Brushed DC motor, Brushless DC motor, Geared DC motor, etc.

4. Pneumatic Air Muscles: 

They are devices that can contract and expand when air is pumped inside. It can replicate the function of a human muscle. They contract almost 40% when the air is sucked inside them.

5. Muscle wires: 

They are thin strands of wire made of shape memory alloys. They can contract by 5% when electric current is passed through them.

6. Piezo Motors and Ultrasonic Motors: 

Basically, we use it for industrial robots.

7. Sensors:

Generally used in task environments as it provides information of real – time knowledge.

8. Robot locomotion: 

Provides the types of movements to a robot. 

The different types are:

Legged 

Wheeled 

Combination of Legged and Wheeled Locomotion 

Tracked slip / skid

(ii) Industrial Robots: 

Six main types of industrial robots:

1. Cartesian 

2. SCARA (Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm) 

3. Cylindrical 

4. Delta 

5. Polar 

6. Vertically articulated

Six – axis robots are ideal for:

1. Arc Welding 

2. Spot Welding 

3. Material Handling 

4. Machine Tending 

5. Other Applications

1. The three main subatomic particles that form an atom are protons, neutrons and electrons. 

2. Subatomic particles are particles that are smaller than the atom, proton and neutron are made up of quarks which is interact through gluons. 

3. Subatomic particle having two types of particles, they are elementary particle and composite particle.

When goods are imported for the purpose of export it is called as Entrepot.

Any currency other than the domestic currency.

Floating Exchange Rate is the exchange rate determined by the market forces of supply and demand of foreign exchange.

The price of one currency in terms of the other is called Foreign Exchange Rate.

The exchange rate determined by the market forces of demand and supply of foreign exchange is called Flexible Exchange Rate.

Managed Floating Exchange Rate is flexible exchange rate which can be moderated by the intervention of the Central Bank through buying and selling of foreign currencies in the open mark.

Imports, Tourist going abroad etc.

When exchange rate are fixed by the Government or the Central Bank, it is called Fixed Exchange Rate.

It is determined by the force of demand and supply of foreign exchange. The price and demand for foreign exchange are inversely related and supply and price of foreign exchange are directly related. The price at which demand and supply are equal is the price determined by the market.

The angle of Incidence: Falling of sun’s rays 90° on the equator and slantingly towards the poles.

1/3 of the solar energy is reflected back by the Earth’s atmosphere.