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Nylon-6 → Amino keporic acid

F-centre:- When the crystal of alkali metal is heated in the atmosphere with the same metal, then negative vacant places arise and the metal released by vapourisation is catched by negative electron by which coloured centres arise which is called F-centre.

Exp:- When LiCl is heated in the presence of Li- metal the F-Centre arised due to pink colour.

Crystalline solid- These are the solids in which the constituent particles (atoms, ions or molecules) have a regular orderly arrangement throughout and it gets repeated again and again resulting in a different pattern.

A.s.- NaCl, CuSO₄, diamond, sulphur, sugar, quartz etc.

Amorphous solid- These are the solids in which the constituent particle do not posses the regular arrangement throughout. A.s.- Glass, rubber, starch, cellulose, proteins etc.

Shaped selective catalyst:- The catalystic reaction that depends upon the pour structure of catalyst and molecular size of the reactant and product is called selective catalyst. Zeolites are shape selective cataylst due to their honey-comb structure. ZSM-5 is used to convert methanol into gasoline (petrol).

Reverse osmosis:- If external pressure greater than osmotic pressure applied on solution, the flow of solvent molecules can be made proceed from the solution towards pure solvent. This type of osmosis is termed as reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis is used for the distilation of sea water for getting fresh drinking water.

Charles II had received the islands of Mumbai as a gift from the King of Portugal on his engagement to Princess Braganza of Portugal. He found it difficult to maintain the islands as the expenditure incurred on its maintenance exceeded the income earned from it. So, he leased it to the East India Company.

Correct option: (c) Carnatic Wars

The British established factories in India. For this, they used to acquire large plots of land. These plots were used to build warehouses, residential quarters, and offices. The main building of the factory carried the ‘Union Jack’. The staff of these factories was called ‘Factors’. The meals provided to the staff included bread, meat, rice, Khichadi of pulses and rice, pickles, etc. The company had created beautiful gardens for the benefit of the staff at Surat, Karwar, Machilipatnam, Petapuli, Chennai, and Mumbai.

They honoured Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj with tributes for ensuring the safety of their factories and issuing trade permits The Dutch.

Mughal emperor who granted permission to the French to open a factory in Surat Aurangzeb.

Correct option: (d) Petapuli

The place where the Portuguese stored their ammunition Panvel.

The European colonialists had their colonies in the following countries.

(A) Africa:

• Belgium – Belgian Congo, Lado Enclave, Rwanda, and Burundi
• Britain – Sudan, Basutoland, Balleland, British East Africa (Kenya), British Somaliland, British Togoland
• Gold Coast, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Botswana, Nigeria, Ghana, etc.
• France – Gambia, Comoros, French Algeria, French Congo, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, French Madagascar, etc.
• Dutch – Dutch East Indies, Curacao, The Dutch Slave Coast, the Dutch Gold Coast, Surinam.
• Germany – German East Africa, German Southwest Africa, German West Africa.
• Portugal – Angola, Cape Verde, GuineaBissau, Mozambique.

(B) Asia:

• Britain – Colony Aden, British Borneo, Burma, Ceylon, Cyprus, India, Iraq, Malay, North Borneo, Palestine, etc.
• France – Cochin, China, Annam, Laos, and Cambodia.
• Dutch – Dutch East Indies, Malacca, Taiwan, Tonkin/Annam, Maluku Islands.
• Portugal – Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia, China and Japan, Spice Islands, South Asia, Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea.

(C) North America:

• Britain – Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York,
• Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
• France – New France (including Canada and Louisiana), French West Indies and
• French Guiana.
• Dutch – New Netherland was the first Dutch colony in North America.

(D) South America:

• Spain – Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic.

A book written by Cosme da Guarda, a Portuguese historian, is a very important source of the history of Maharashtra. This book is entitled Vide de Celebre Sevagy (Life of the Celebrated Shivaji). He was the first European author to write a biography of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.

The Dutch government issued a license to the company to conduct trading with the eastern countries. The same license permitted them to appoint staff, establish factories, build forts, engage in battles against the eastern countries, and also sign treaties with them. Accordingly, the company appointed a Governor-General to take care of Indian affairs.

1. On the west coast of India, there were warehouses at Vengurla in Konkan and at Photo Novo (Parangi Pettai) and Tegna Pattam (Devanapattinam) in Karnataka.

2. The French had their colony in Pondicherry (Puducherry) on the east coast.

3. This warehouse is not mentioned on the map. This area was ruled by the Mughals.

Incorrect pair is:

Jean Baptiste Colbert – French finance minister

Tranquilizers.

Receptors are embedded in cell membrane.

The first Europeans to arrive in India Portuguese.

There were several reasons for the downfall of the Maratha empire:

(i) Internal weakness of the Maratha Empire: The empire of the Marathas was not well knit. It was a confederacy of the Maratha chiefs who were in conflict with one another. The nominal unity of the Marathas remained only up to the period of the rule of Madhav RaoI.

(ii) Lack of Political Foresight: The Marathas lacked wisdom and farsightedness. They failed to achieve the political unity of India and therefore failed to utilise the resources of the country either for the benefit of the people or for meeting the challenge of a foreign foe.

(iii) Incapable Leadership: All capable Maratha chiefs died by the end of the eighteenth century. After that the leadership of the Marathas was taken over by Bajirao II, Daulatrao Scindia, Yashwant Rao Holkar, and Nana Phadnavis. The Marathas thus lacked leadership.

(iv) Military weakness of the Marathas: The Marathas were militarily weak compared to the English as they had left their traditional method of guerrilla warfare and adopted European methods which they failed to perfect.

(v) Diplomacy of the English: The English were more diplomatic than the Marathas. The quarrels among the Marathas provided a good opportunity for the English to take advantage. Besides, the English had their eyes on the politics of the entire India.

The Cartaz was a license issued by the Portuguese to the Indian rulers for sailing on the Indian Ocean when they established firm control on the Indian Ocean. It usually carried details like the name of the vessel (ship), the name of the captain of the ship, port of departure and arrival, the list of weaponry on the ship loaded for the purpose of self defense, etc.

Commander-in-chief of Mumbai George Oxenden.

Incorrect pair is:

(c) Francois Martin – Governor General of Pondicherry

Indian king who built his own navy Indian king who built his own navy.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj took several steps to safeguard the Maratha empire.

• Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj created a strong naval force and constructed forts for e.g., Hillforts, Sea forts, and Land forts.
• Henry Oxenden, a British agent who was present at the coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj sought permission to open a factory at Rajapur.
• He also levied 2.5% octroi on British goods.
• An agreement was signed between the British and the Marathas on 12^th June 1674.
• According to this agreement, the Marathas issued permission to open factories at Rajapur, Dabhol, Chaul, and Kalyan. He also prohibited the usage of British coinage.
• He also refuted some of the conditions put by the British such as the British goods found afloat from the wrecked ships should be returned to them and the Marathas should enter a treaty with the Siddis of Janjira.
• This clearly reveals his resolute policy of safeguarding Maratha’s sovereignty.

Correct option: (c) Queen Elizabeth

The strategy of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj against the Europeans is clearly seen in Adnyapatra.

The following were his policies:

• They should be kept at bay maintaining only business relations.
• Not allotting them any space near the entrance of a creek or a sea fort.
• Their establishments should not be a nuisance.
• They should not be allowed to flaunt their military strength.
• Not allow them to construct any permanent buildings.
• They must accept these conditions otherwise they are of no use.
• He also said that a fine should be collected if any foreign traders were found in the enemy land during expeditions.
• After they pay the fine, they should be sent back to their factory or the place from where they had arrived.
• They should not be treated in the same manner as the enemy is treated.

Incorrect pair is:

Fazal Khan – son of Afzal Khan

By 1608, the Portuguese had established their colonies on the western coast of India at Diu, Daman, Chaul, Goa (including Sashti and Bardish), Honnavar, Gangoli, Basrur, Mangalore, Kannur, Kodungallur, Kochi, and Kollam. Similarly, on the eastern coast, they had trader colonies at Nagapattinam, Mylapore or Sao Tome/San Thom, and Hugli in Bengal. This stretch of the Portuguese empire had its capital at Goa.

The main center of French operations Pondicherry (Puducherry)

Ibrahim Khan Gardi was a mercenary who had trained under the French. He was hired by Sadashivraobhau Peshwa as the chief of artillery. In the Third Battle of Panipat, Mahadji Shinde had observed Ibrahim Khan’s skills. Inspired by it, he built a trained army with the help of de Boigne, a French military trainer, and also established well-equipped artillery.

The king of Calicut wrote to the King of Portugal in a letter sent with Vasco da Gama “Our state is rich in spices like cloves, ginger, black pepper, and precious stones. We expect you to pay us in gold, silver, corals in exchange for our spices and precious stones”. Vasco da Gama sold the commodities in Portugal, which he carried from India. 

He could earn a huge amount of money in that trade which was sixty times more than the money he spent for his return journey to Portugal.

License which the Indian rulers had to get from the Portuguese Cartaz.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj had foreseen the ulterior motives of the Europeans and their ways of infiltration. So, he built strategies to arrest their advances in India. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj adopted a very strong policy against the European colonisers by levying octroi on the British salt trade etc. The Marathas were the only Indian rulers to adopt a policy of resistance against the European colonisers.

Correct option: (b) Afzal Khan

Formic acid; HCOOH

The Portuguese established a strong navy.

They used to launch sudden attacks on their enemy’s territory from the sea and wreck it completely. The Indian rulers could not match the Portuguese in their war tactics. Later when they established their firm control on the Indian Ocean it became necessary for the Indians to get a license from them for sailing on the Indian Ocean.

Incorrect pair is:

(a) Arcebispo – Archbishop

Correct option: (a) for sailing on the Indian Ocean

The Dutch established their first colony at Machilipatnam. This port city came into existence in the 3rd century B.C.E. It is also mentioned in ‘Periplus’ of the Erythrean Sea as ‘Mosalia’.

Correct option: (b) Phonda

Flag of the British Union Jack.

Cartaz: The Cartaz was a license issued by the Portuguese to the Indian rulers for sailing on the Indian Ocean when they established firm control of the Indian Ocean. It usually carried details like the name of the vessel (ship), the name of the captain of the ship, port of departure and arrival, the list of weaponry on the ship loaded for the purpose of self defense, etc.

The name and chemical formula of the simplest alkene is

Ethene, C₂H₂

The British used to acquire large plots of land for their factories. These plots were used to build warehouses, residential quarters, and offices. The British needed a permanent place to store the goods at low prices. It was required of them to stay in India for a period of 9 to 13 months to carry out trading transactions. Hence they decided to build ‘Factories’ or ‘emporiums’ in India. The staff of these factories was called ‘factors’.

Correct option: (a) British

The Regulating Act of 1773 created the office with the title of Governor-General of Presidency of Fort William or Governor General of Bengal. He was appointed by the Court of Directors of the East India Company.