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National Physical Laboratory

(d) (i) 1963 – Intergalactic Computer Network

(a) Semi-Automatic Ground Environment

(a) Packet Switching

(d) Arpanet – Token – passing Network

When you move or copy information, the paste option is used to send the information as a whole. But, to move or copy only some aspects of the data, like only its formatting or only value, the Paste Special option is used. To use the paste special, select the text and apply move or copy, then at the destination location,

Click Edit → Paste Special (or) press Ctrl + Shift + V, (or) Alt + E + S the Paste Special dialog box opens.

(b) Semi Automatic Business Research Environment

SABRE was developed in 1960

In any word processor, the text has to be selected for performing any operation like copying, moving, formatting etc. 

This text selection can be done by two methods :

1. Selecting the continuous text.

2. Selecting the non continuous text.

Continuous text :

To select text continuously take the insertion pointer to the starting of the text.

Selecting the continuous text :

To select the text continuously take the insertion pointer to the starting of the text.

1. Hold the SHIFT key and drag the mouse across until the required text is selected and then release the SHIFT key

2. The select text can be used for any operation.

Selecting the non Continuous text :

To select the text not continuously, take the insertion pointer to the starting of the text,

1.. Hold the CTRL key and drag across it till the required text is selected and release the CTRL key.

2. The required text is selected for any operation.

Line spacing determines the amount of vertical space between line of text in a paragraph. By default, the lines are single-spaced, that is the spacing accommodates the largest front in that line, plus a small amount of extra space. In Open Office, setting line spacing is quite easy through the context menu, select the line or word or phrase, right- click → line spacing, select the type single, 1.5 or double.

There are seven different types of line spacing.

1. Select the entire document by Edit → Select All.

2. Format → paragraph.

3. The paragraph dialog box appears, click Indents and spacing tab.

4. In the line spacing option, select

Correct answer is (b) Star Center

In OpenOffice, open screen is called as “Star Center”. Writer is one of the components of OpenOffice. So, it may be invoked from the “Star Center” by simply clicking on the “Text Document” icon.

Open Office Writer provides several forms of help. By pressing F1 or select Help form the menu bar the help window appears.

1. To activate tool tips, extended tips, and the help Agent, Click Tools → Options → OpenOffice.

2. For a more detailed explanation, select Help → What's This ? and hold the mouse pointer over the icon where you want more help with.

Correct answer is (c) Apache

Correct answer is (a) starcenter

Word Art is a text modifying feature in the open office writer. It includes effects such as shadows, outlines, colors, gradients, and 3D effects that can be added to a word or phrase. Word Art helps to apply Special effects and change the appearance of the text to make it more presentable and attractive.

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page on which they are referenced. Endnotes are collected at the end of a document. To work effectively with footnotes and endnotes.

→ Insert footnotes.
→ Define formate of footnotes.
→ Define the location of footnotes on the page.

To insert a footnote on an endnote, then select Insert → Footnote / Endnote from the Menu bar or click directly by icon Insert footnote or Insert endnote.

Correct answer is (a) OpenOffice

This button is called as “Close” button,when you click this button, the application is closed and OpenOffice returns back to the desktop. So, the red colored close button may be called as “Exit” or “Quit”.

There is another (‘x’) mark on the right most comer of the menu bar. This is actually used to close your document. When you click this (‘x’) mark, your document will be closed, OpenOffice will be still opened.

This is a special kind of indent where the first line of the paragraph alone hangs outside leaving the rest of the text. To apply Hanging indent, a negative value is given in the “first line” option of the paragraph dialog box.

Highlighting is used to draw attention to important information in a text. Highlighting is beneficial because it first asks the reader to pick out the important parts, and then gives an effective way to review that information later.

Highlighting can be applied by selecting the text and click Highlighting icon.

To merge a group of cells:

1. Select the cells to merge.

2. Right click and choose Cell → Merge or choose Table → Merge Cells from the menu bar.

Spell check is a software program that corrects spl74568.dfmld,589f fjdflfefelling errors in word processing, email and documents, Spell check identifies and corrects misspelled words and the grammatical error is displayed with  a green wavy line under the worng word.

To insert rows or columns inside a table:

• Place the insertion pointer in the row or in the column where you would like to add new rows or columns and right-click.
• Choose Row → Insert – to insert a row or Column → Insert – to insert a column. A dialog box will appear, from which you can select the number of rows or columns to insert. You can also set the position of the new rows or columns to Before or After.
• Click OK to close the dialog box.

There are four types of hyperlinks displayed on the left pane of the dialog box:

1. Internet: A web address, normally starting with http://

2. Mail and News: For example an email address.

3. Document: A hyperlink that points to another document or to another place in the presentation.

4. New document: The hyperlink creates a new document.

A table is a grid with a specified number of rows and columns. Tables can often be used as an alternative to spreadsheet to organize materials. A well - designed table can help readers understand better what you are trying to convey.

OpenOffice is a productive office suite with a collection of different software packages such as 

OpenOffice Writer - Word Processor to create text documents

OpenOffice Calc - Spreadsheet to create worksheets

OpenOffice Base - Database

OpenOffice Impress - Presentation software

OpenOffice Draw - Drawing software

OpenOffice formula - Create formula and euations

AutoText allows you to assign text, tables, graphics and other items to a key or key combination. For example, rather than typing “Tamil Nadu” every time you use that phrase, you might just type “tn” and press F3. You can also save a formatted Tip as AutoText and then insert a copy by typing “tip” and pressing F3.

Paste:

Paste is a feature that lets a user cut or copy items from Cells and transfer them to another completely.

Paste Special:

Paste Special allows the items being transferred to be formatted in several different ways. Paste Special is a feature found in software like Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and Open Office.

To merge a group of cells:

1. Select the cells to merge.

2. Right click and choose Cell → Merge or choose Table → Merge Cells from the menu bar.

To split a cell:

1. Place the insertion pointer inside the cell.

2. Right click and choose Cell → Split, or choose Table → Split Cells from the menu bar.

3. Select the direction of the split, horizontally (for rows), or vertically (for columns), as well as the total number of cells to create.

Formatting a table involves formatting of the table layout, formatting of the table text, adjusting the size of the table, its position on the page, adding or removing rows or columns, merging and splitting cells, changing borders and the background.

A font is a set of characters in a particular style. Changing the default appearance of the text like changing the font type, size, color, style etc., are called as Text formatting.

To assign AutoText shortcut to some text, the steps arc as follows:

1. Type the text into your document.

2. Select the text so that it is highlighted.

3. Select Edit → AutText (or press Ctrl+F3).

4. Enter a name for your shortcut. Writer will suggest a one-letter shortcut, which you can change.

5. Click the AùtoText button on the right and select New (text only) from the menu.

6. Click Close to return to your document.

Watermarks are images or text displayed in transparency across the text. To create a watermark, it is best to use a Font works object wrapped in the background. The Wrap Through option inserts an image that overlaps the text which as a result will be hidden. To make the text appear, change the transparency of the picture, although the words under the image become visible, they may be difficult to read and will appear lighter than the rest of the text.

Line numbering puts automatic line numbers in the margin. The use of line numbers make it easier to identify specific locations in the document. The most common method of assigning numbers to lines is to assign every line a unique number, starting at 1 for the first line, and incrementing by 1 for each successive line. 

To apply line numbering:

Click Tools → Line Numbering and select the Show numbering option in the top left comer. Then click OK.

Correct answer is (c) Shading

1. Insert the image or text of your choice

2. Anchor the image to the page and

3. Select the wrap through option form the Format Wrap menu or right-clicking on the image and selecting Wrap

4. Wrap Through from the pop-up menu

5. Move the image into the desired position

6. The Picture toolbar should be displayed when the image is selected

7. Change the transperency to a suitable value so that the text can be read.

Changing the page color is not quite common. To do so, in the page style dialog box, in the Background option, click on color and select the “color” from the color palette or select “graphic” to apply an image as a page background.

Borders can be applied to an entire document, an entire page, paragraph, or just to certain sections of the document. From the page style dialog box, select the Border tab, the user defined area helps to define the area of borders, the line style of borders, color of borders can be selected.

Charts are pictorial representations of data. The data can be either typed in cells in writer or it can be inserted.
Click inside the Writer table.

1. Choose Insert → Object → Chart, You see a chart preview and the Chart Wizard.

2. The chart toolbar at the top of the page which contains the formatting tools.

3. The insert menu shows the various attributes of the chart like Title, Legends, Axis, grid, label etc.,

Many symbols which are used in a mathematical equation like alpha (α), beta (β), pi (π) etc.,, are not available on the standard keyboard. However, representing these characters are very much essentia in mathematical equations. To insert such characters, the procedure given below is folio-wed:

Place the cursor in your document where you want the character to appear.

1. Click on the Insert → Special character.

2. The Special character dialog box appears from which the desired symbol can be selected by clicking on the character.

3. As you select each character, it is shown on the lower right, along with the numerical code for that character.

4. If you do not find a particular special character you want, try changing the font selection.

5. Click the Ok button and the character is inserted at the current location.

To insert a text in between if something is left out, the insertion can be made by taking the insertion pointer to the current location and Press the Insert Key the newly typed text is inserted, so that the existing text moves to the right. Press the Insert Key again, the text is over written on the existing text. This is called ‘Type over mode’. You can toggle between the insert mode and type over mode by pressing the‘Insert key’.

In OpenOffice writer, a document can be protected with a password. You can set a password to protect your document while saving a file. To save a file with password, click on “Save with Password”check box and then click “Save” button. Immediately it shows “Set Password” dialog box. Enter a password in “Enter Password to open” text box and retype the same password in “Confirm Password” box for confirmation. Finally click ‘OK’ button.

The electron will move in a direction perpendicular to the plane of paper and into it.

Flemings Left Hand Rule: Sketch the first three fingers of the left hand mutually perpendicular to each other such that the forefinger points the direction of magnetic field, the middle finger points the direction of current, then the thumb will indicate the direction of force experienced by the conductor. It is applied in the direction of the current and field perpendicular to each other.

The closed surface we choose to calculate the electric flux and hence to apply Gauss’s law. 

Decreases 4 times. 

Order of magnitude of quantity is the power of 10 required to represent the quantity. For determining this power, the value of the quantity has to be rounded off. While rounding off, we ignore the last digit which is less than 5. If the last digit is 5 or more than five, the preceding digit is increased by one. 

For example, 

(1) Speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 10⁸ ms^–1 ≈ 10⁸ m/s (ignoring 3 < 5) 

(2) Mass of electron = 9.1 × 10^–31 kg 10^–30 kg (as 9.1 > 5).

For a small dipole, \(E_{a\text xis}=\cfrac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\cfrac{2p}{r^3}\propto\cfrac1{r^3}\) 

When the distance r is doubled, the electric field strength becomes 1/8 times the original field.

• The potential energy of an object is determined and calculated according to a height of the object with respect to the observer.
•  So, the person staying on 6^th floor more potential energy than those staying on the 3^rd floor.
• But, the person on the 6^th floor will have lesser potential energy than on the 8^th floor. Hence potential energy is relative.

When a body is dropped on the ground, its K.E appears in the form of:

• Heat (collision between the body and the ground). 
• Sound (collision of the body with the ground).
• The potential energy of change in state of the body and the ground. 
• Kinetic energy is also utilized to do work i.e., the ball bounces to a certain height and moves to a certain distance vertically and horizontally till Kinetic energy becomes zero.
• The process in which the kinetic energy of a freely falling body is lost in an unproductive chain of energy is called the dissipation of energy.