Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

1. Intermolecular force of attraction.

2. Intermolecular spaces are two important properties of matter that account for the different states of matter.

1. Why do liquids and gases flow but solids do not 

The molecules of liquids and gases are far apart i.e. have more gaps, intermolecular attraction force is very less as compared to solids, hence liquids and gases can flow but solids do not like gaps in solid molecules is less and molecular force of attraction very strong. 

2. A gas fills up the space available to it. 

The intermolecular force of attraction is least and intermolecular spaces are very large, hence gases can fill up the space available to them. 

3. The odor of scent spreads in a room. 

Scent fumes (molecules) being gases fill the spaces between air molecules and the molecules of air fill the spaces between scent molecules due to diffusion, fumes spread into a room. 

OR 

Due to the inter-mixing of scent molecules and air molecules, scent fumes spread into the room. 

4. We can walk through air. 

The molecules of air are far apart i.e. large gaps and we can walk through air easily.

5. Liquids have definite volume but no difinite shape. 

The molecules of liquid are loosely packed and intermolecular force of attraction is small but number of molecules in it remain the same. Hence liquids have definite volume but no definite shape.

Molecules are made of atoms. Molecules exhibit the properties of that kind of matter and have an independent existence.

Carbon has a great affinity for oxygen

1. Carbon atom has four electrons in its valence shell.

2. Diamond is the purest form of carbon.

3. Carbon dioxide is the main gaseous compound of carbon.

4. Graphite is used to make carbon brushes in dynamos.

5. Lamp black is used as a pigment and coloring matter in ink and shoe polish.

6. Carbon when heated in a limited supply of air forms carbon monoxide.

7. Organic compounds have low boiling and melting points.

8. Hydrocarbons are the compounds of hydrogen and carbon only.

9. Natural gas is an important fossil fuel.

10. Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.

The atomic number of carbon is 6.

(a) Carbonization: The process of the slow conversion of vegetable matter into carbon-rich substances is called carbonization.

(b) Adsorption: Adsorption is the property due to which a substance absorbs gases, liquids, and solids on its surface.

(c) Bone black: The Carbon content of bone charcoal is separated by treating the latter with hydrochloride acid, which dissolves the calcium phosphate. Carbon is then filtered out of the solution and in this form, it is called bone black.

(i) 3-methylpentane 

(ii) Pentatonic acid

(a) True

(b) False

(c) False

(d) True

(e) False

The name of the famous diamond is:

Kohinoor

Diamond has a very high refractive index. It is because of this property that diamond sparkles. When light enters the diamond crystal, it suffers multiple total internal reflections and due to this, it sparkles.

Lamp black is an amorphous form of carbon.

(i) Petroleum or crude oil is called black gold and it is formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived in the sea millions of years ago. The dead remains along with the silt which settled in the sea bed are attacked by bacteria and got converted to crude oil and gas under high pressure conditions. Slowly the silt compressed into rocks and the oil seeped into the porous parts of the rocks.

(ii) Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum contain some amount of nitrogen and sulphur in them. The combustion of these fuels in air results in the formation of oxides of nitrogen and sulphur which are major pollutants of the environment. Therefore, coal and petroleum are considered to be pollutants of air.

In combined state, carbon occurs as petroleum

(iv) petroleum

Combustion is the process of burning of a substance in the presence of oxygen. The fuel (coal or petroleum) gets oxidized. As a result, the bonds present in the molecules of fuel break, releasing energy. Sometimes, the energy released falls in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum (which means the energy released is visible to human eye) which we call as light. Sometimes the energy released falls under infrared region, which we commonly call as heat. Basically, the compounds generate heat or light or both due to the release of energy from the breaking of molecular bonds.

Only unsaturated carbon compounds produce yellow (and sooty) flame. C₆H₁₄ is a saturated compound (hexane) and it will always produce clean blue flame (not yellow) when burnt in sufficient amount of oxygen.

Ethene + Steam \(\overset{Catalyst}\longrightarrow\) Ethanol \(\overset{Acidified\,K_2Cr_2O_2}\longrightarrow\) Ethanoic acid \(\overset{Ethanol}\longrightarrow\) Ethyl ethanoate (ester)

Hydrocarbons are the compounds of hydrogen and carbon. They are the simplest of all the organic compounds.

Hydrocarbons are of two types:

(i) Organic 

(ii) Inorganic

Uses of water gas:

• It is used in industry to prepare large number of organic compounds.

• It is used as an industrial fuel.

• It is used for the synthesis of ammonia.

(a) Chloro (Halogen) 

(b) Carboxylic acid 

(c) Ketone 

(d) Alcohol

D) i, ii and iii

(a) Amorphous

(b) Bituminous

(c) Anthracite

(d) Anthracite

(e) Water gas

Allotropy: The phenomenon of existence of an element in different forms having different physical properties but identical chemical properties is called allotropy and the various forms are called allotropic forms or allotropes.

Crystalline form: Diamond, Graphite

Amorphous form: Coal, Coke, Charcoal

i) Coke 

ii) coal 

iii) charcoal.

This property is allotropy. 

The physical properties are different because the carbon-carbon bonding in both the cases varies. In diamond one carbon atom is bonded with four other carbon atoms with strong covalent bond so it is hard, while in case of graphite each carbon forms two strong bonds with other two carbon atoms and one weak bond is formed with third carbon atom and forms hexagonal rings which slide over each other, so it is soft.

(iii), (iv)

(iii) It has bacteriostatic effect.
(iv) It is a broad spectrum antibiotic.

(ii), (iv)

(ii) Sodium hydrogencarbonate

(iv) Magnesium hydroxide

Generally we use metals like gold, silver and copper for making jewellery due to their high ductility and lustrous surface.

The answer is (a) 4

The answer is (c) Mn

Zinc (Z = 30) has the configuration 3d¹⁰4s². It does not have partially filled d-subshell in its elementry form or in commonly occuring oxidation state (Zn²⁺ = 3d¹⁰). Therefore, it is not regarded as transition element.

The answer is (d) Ni²⁺

Lord Cornwallis implemented a new land tax policy in Bengal and Bihar regions, during 1793 in order to generate steady revenue per annum. This was called Permanent Zamindari System. Under this system, Zamindar became the land owner. The Zamindar was expected to pay the agreed land taxes to the company on a set date every year. He -was free to collect any amount of land taxes from the farmers and could retain the excess money collected. This benefited the Zamindar more. If the Zamindar was unable to collect land taxes due to floods and famine and pay the Company, the ownership of the lands was taken away by the Company. Both the Zamindar and the Company were benefitted by this system, but the farmers were the grave sufferers.

This system created a new social group that aided the British. The farmers, the farming labourers suffered due to irregular working opportunities in the farming lands. They were exploited and had to lead a life of insecurity. This system was extended to Bihar, Odissa, Andhra and Varanasi regions later. According to Charles Metcalf, “the Indian farmers were born in debt, lived in debt and died in debt due to the land tax policies of the British”.

The Police are in charge of maintaining the internal law and order situation. Lord Cornwallis implemented the efficient Police System in India for the first time. He created the new post of Superintendent of Police (SP). He divided a district into many ‘Stations’ and put every station under a ‘Kotwal’. Similarly he put every village under the care of ‘Chowkidhar’. ‘Kotwal’ was made accountable for thefts, crimes and other law violations at village level.

The severe drought of 1770 led to the weak law and order situation. Hence, the entire police system was brought under the control of the British Officers. The system of appointing British Magistrates started in 1781. The Police Officers were under the power of the Magistrates. The Police system underwent continuous changes. In 1861, the Police Law was implemented. This law is the base of good law and order administration. But, Indians were not appointed for the post of officers. In 1902, the Police Commission Law allowed the appointment of suitable educational qualification for the post of the police officers. In spite of all these measures, the discrirnination against the Indians did not end.

A new Judicial System started finding roots when the British rule began taking over from the Mughal rule. After the Battle of Buxar, the Mughal Emperor ShaAlam handed over the ‘Diwani Rights’, the authority to collect land taxes to the British. With this, Dual¬Administration came into effect in Bengal region. This is also called as ‘Dual¬Governance’. Under this, the authority to collect land taxes, civil and judiciary were given to the Indian officials, whereas the British retained the authority of managing the revenue collected. Later on the British thought of bringing more centralized judicial system in India. With the implementation of this system, the British overtook the authority of the Mughal and established their supremacy in India. This was attained by implementing new Judicial System in India.

According to the administrative plan devised by Warren Hastings who took over the administration as Governor in 1772, two types of courts were heeded to be established in each district:’ ‘A Dewani Aadalat as a civil court and ‘A Fouzadaari Aadalat as a criminal court. In these civil courts Hindus were dispensed justice as per the Hindu scriptures and the Muslims as per the Shariyat. Slowly, the British legal procedures were introduced in the criminal courts. Civil courts came under the administration of European officers. Though the criminal courts were under the control of ‘Qajis’, they were functioning under the supervision of European officers.

Ryotwari System.

The Regulating Act was implemented in the year 1773.

William Bentinck.

Lord Cornwallis.

William Bentinck

The Ryotwari System was first implemented in Baramahal region by Alexander Reed in 1792. This system was later implemented in Madras and Mysore region by Thomas Monroe in 1801. Most of these regions had become part of British Empire by that time. Under this system, both the farmer and the company were directly linked. The tiller of the land was recognized as the owner of the land. The owner had to pay fifty percent of produce as land tax to the company government. The land tax had thirty years tenure. The tax could be reviewed after this tenure.

Though the small farmers were given land ownership, they were subjected to more suffering due to heavy land taxes.The officials took punitive actions to collect land taxes. The farmers had to borrow from the money lenders whenever the crops failed. They had to sell their lands whenever they failed to repay the loans. Though the company government claimed that the new system benefits the farmers, the irony was that more farmers had to lose their lands due to its implementation.

The important features of the Indian Government Act, 1858 are : 

1. The license of East India Company was canceled and India was brought under the direct administration of the Queen. 

2. The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. Lord Canning became the first Viceroy of India. 

3. A new post called ‘Secretary Of State for India’ was created in the British government. The secretary was part of British cabinet and was responsible for the administration of India. 

4. A Council of India was created in order to assist the secretary in the administration. The council had fifteen members.

Charters were implemented once in 20 years.

Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.

Puttabasappa took over the leadership of the rebellion. The rebellion started in the hilly region. Puttabasappa organized the rebels and calmed down the people. He declared that tax on tobacco and saflt will be with drawn, if the rebel government assumes power. The rich farmers, land owners and local chieftains were assured of this move. Puttabasappa killed an Amaldhar who was known for his brutality further increased the popularity of Puttabasappa.

The rebels marched towards Mangalore to capture it. The British were engaged in fortifying their fort in Mangalore. The rebels marched towards Mangalore through Panimangalore and Bantwal. They looted the treasury and prison of Bantwal. The British sought the army of Thalacheri, Kannur and Bombay to quell this uprising. On hearing this development, Puttabasappa and his associated fled towards Sulya. The British captured them with the help of people in Kodagu. Puttabasappa, Lakshmappa, Bangarasa, Kedambadi Ramayaih Gowda and Guddemane Appaih were hanged till death.

Surapura’ is in the present district of Yadagiri.

In the year 1831 Rayanna was hanged till death.

(d) All of the above