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6.5 क्विंटल प्रति एकड़।

20-21 हजार हेक्टेयर।

राइया की किस्में-आर० एल० सी०-1, पी० बी० आर० -201, पी० बी० आर०-91.

राडया के लिए उर्वरक, पौष्टिक तत्त्व-राईया के लिए 40 कि०ग्रा० नाइट्रोजन तथा 12 कि०ग्रा० फॉस्फोरस प्रति एकड़ की आवश्यकता होती है। पोटाश तत्त्व का प्रयोग भूमि की जांच करके ही करना चाहिए। यह तेल बीज फसल है तथा इसको सल्फर तत्त्व की आवश्यकता भी है। इस लिए फॉस्फोरस तत्त्व के लिए सुपर फास्फेट खाद का प्रयोग करना चाहिए क्योंकि इसमें सल्फर तत्त्व भी होता है। यदि यह खाद न मिले तो 50 कि०ग्रा० जिप्सम प्रति एकड़ का प्रयोग करना चाहिए।

37 कि० ग्रा० प्रति एकड़।

सही विकल्प है (घ) सभी

एल-552, बी० जी० 1053.

Four reasons we need to look for alternate sources of energy are :

(i) Pollution due to fossil fuels. 

(ii) Exhausting fuel reserves.

(iii) Increasing need.

(iv) Replenishment is not easy.

सही विकल्प है (घ) सभी

15-18 कि० ग्राम प्रति एकड़।

जी० पी० एफ-2, पी० बी० जी०-1.

बाजरा-चने, चावल-मक्की -चने।

पांच क्विंटल प्रति एकड़।

दो हज़ार हेक्टेयर।

We must first identify the forces that may bind the people creating an emotional bond and national consciousness. We should share common ideas and values. Constitution, art, literature, music, national festivals, national flag, national anthem, sports and Bolywood promote national integration as they belong to all, small or big, rich and poor.

Regional aspirations of the people should be controlled otherwise they can be dangerous for national unity. No community should be placed above the nation. There should be no excessive bias or favour for any one language. All these steps should be taken to strengthen the nation and its unity.

The aims of national integration is to bring all these different racial, religious, cultural and linguistic groups together into one single nation with a national consciousness. It aims at removing socio-cultural, economic inequality and strengthening unity and solidarity.

India is a country that comprises so many different races, religions, cultures and language groups. All these diverse elements have to be woven into a single whole–the nation. Hence, the issue of national integration is very important for a country like India.

Regionalism, communalism, religious fanaticism, linguism and terrorism are the main forces that challenge national integration. National integration is always under threat from these divisive forces. The nation is first and all other issues come second.

Popular movements are mainly organised by particular sections of the society such as farmers, women, political parties or others under a formal or informal association. They form an association to voice their collective demands and pressurise the government to adhere to their opinions. Popular movements can be of two forms: party based movements or non-party based movements. The Chipko Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan, etc. are forms of popular movements.

(b) Population ÷ Agricultural land

Generally, the classification of urban settlements is made on the basis of size of population, human occupations, administrative structure and other available basic facilities and conditions. 

Urban settlements are generally divided into four parts:

1. city 

2. metropolitan city 

3. conurbation 

4. Megapolis or Megalopolis.

1. City: Settlement having population more than 1 lakh but less than 10 lakh is called city. In the city, more than 50% population is engaged in non-primary occupation. Bikaner, Dausa, Bharatpur etc. are some of its examples.

2. Metropolitan City: A settlement having population more than 10 lakh is called Metropolitan city. Metropolitan cities are the center of industrial, commercial, administrative and educational activities. Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota and Udaipur are some metropolitan cities in Rajasthan.

3. Conurbation: This type of settlement is huge, well developed and well-known urban area, which combines houses of different towns or cities to turn into one huge urban city. In, India, Gwalior – Laskar – Morar, Delhi – Gurugram and Delhi – Noida are few examples of conurbation. Greater London, Tokyo, Chicago are also known as conurbation. The term conurbation was first used by Patrick-Geddes in 1915.

4. Megapolis or Megalopolis: Megapolis means very huge city. The term Megapolis was first used by Jean Gottman in 1857. The population of these cities is more than 50 lakhs. These cities are also called Global cities. Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai in India, and Greater London, Moscow, Beijing are the some examples of Megapolis cities.

Correct Answer is: (d) 5000 years earlier

Dense settlements are also known as concentrated, contracted, accumulated or collective settlements.

Meaning of rural settlement: The economy of rural settlements is dependent on primary occupation, like agriculture, animal rearing, wood – cutting, fishing, mining and gathering of forest produce. Hence, rural settlements are mainly based on land utilisation. Rural settlements try to avoid modernisation as they have a closely knit social organisation and human values. In rural settlements, social values are always kept above individual values.

Type of rural settlements: Rural settlements are divided on the bases of number of houses and distance among them. 

Generally, four types of rural settlements are found:

1. Dense or clustered settlement: Dense rural settlements always develop in fertile plains and regions having flat surface terrain and sufficient water availability. The houses are built close together and the entire village is inhabited densely.

2. Isolated or scattered settlements: The houses in this settlement have distance between each – other and agricultural land lies within them, so this type of settlement is called scattered settlement.

3. Mixed settlement: This is a stage between dense and scattered settlements. This type of settlement is a result of rapid increase in houses due to rapid increase in number of families as well number of people. Instead of environmental reasons, family reasons are responsible for it.

4. Old or palli settlement: The house of this type of settlement are built apart from one another but located in the same colony. People from different castes live in different parts of colony.

Pattern of Rural Settlements: The pattern of rural settlements are defined by natural factors, historical factors, socio – cultural factors, transportation routes and religious places. In these, linear, arrow, triangular, rectangular, radial, circular, star – shaped, irregular, ladder – shaped, bee – hive, haphazard and spider – shaped patterns are seen.

Problems of Rural Settlements: Very common problems of rural settlements include lack of transportation facilities, lack of fresh and clean drinking water, lack of healthcare and medical facilities, lack of power and energy supply, lack of employment opportunities, lack of proper education, lack of communication facilities, etc.

Rural settlements are most closely and directly related to land. They are dominated by primary activities such as agriculture, animal-rearing or husbandry fishing, hunting, etc. The settlement size is relatively smaller than that of urban settlements. Less effect of modernisation is seen on these types of settlements.

The categorisation of settlements done on the basis of the shape of their formation is called settlement pattern.

This is a stage between dense and scattered settlements. This type of settlement is a result of rapid increase in houses due to rapid increase in number of families as well as number of people.

Those types of settlement which have distance between each – other and agricultural land lies between them are called scattered settlements.

The bases of classifying urban settlements are size of population, administrative structure, occupation and other social factors.

Such man – made settlements, in which most of the people are engaged in secondary, tertiary, quaternary activities and where high level of civil facilities are found is called urban settlements.

Bee – hive patterns are mostly found in tribal regions. In India, houses of Toda tribal people, villages of coastal fishermen in Andhra Pradesh and house of Zulu tribal people in South Africa exhibit this pattern.

(b) Montesquieu

There are four types of urban settlements – City, Settlement, Metropolitan city, conurbation and Megalopolis or megapolis.

All the three patterns of unemployment-unemployment, hidden unemployment and seasonal unemployment are visible in rural settlements.

Linear pattern settlements are found in India in Ganga – Yamuna plains and central Himalayan region.

Following are the characteristics of urban settlements: 

1. Pattern of high population density. 

2. Rapid mobility. 

3. Pattern of pucca roads and pucca houses.

4. Availability of employment and primacy/plenty of modes of employment. 

5. More availability of private and public modes of transport. 

6. Availability of pattern of high education and healthcare facilities. 

7. More than 50 per cent population engaged in non – primary activities. 

8. Availability of the pattern of complex division of labour. 

9. Lack of social bonding and presence of individualism. 

10.Extreme social and economic differences and presence of class division.

High population density, rapid mobility, pucca roads and pucca houses, availability of employment, wide social and economic differences, lack of social bonds, etc. are the major characteristics of urban settlements.

The names of two patterns of human settlements are linear pattern and rectangular pattern.

Five major problems of urban settlement are given as: 

1. Over population or the uncontrolled population due to large scale migration of rural population. 

2. A large number of people live in slums and squatter settlements or in the streets. 

3. Uses and disposes off a huge quantity of water and all types of materials, also an improper sewerage system increases all types of pollution. 

4. Lack of employment and proper education tends to aggravate the crime rates. 

5. Urban areas suffer from poor health conditions due to squalor and pollution.

In 18th century, it was an island. Dharavi slum was built by the potters of Gujarat about seventy – five years ago. At that time its population was only 10000.

Its major objective is to provide a healthy environment, clean drinking water, light, fresh air, toilet facility to the dwellers of this slum and to save the people from poverty, hunger, unemployment and diseases and provide proper education to the future generations.

Economic activities like pottery, ceramics, embroidery, brocade work, metal work, making ornaments, furniture – manufacturing and tailoring are seen in Dharavi slums.

Settlements are groups of houses. These groups can consist of five upto hundreds and thousands of houses. Home, house, building or residence place is the basic unit of settlement. These can be in the form of a hut or even a large building. Settlements may develop in a small form and later develop to take the form of cities, metropolitan cities, mega cities and million cities. Footpaths, streets, roads, canals and transportation routes maintain contact between these settlements.

Following are the characteristics of dense/clustered settlements: 

1. These settlements are usually found between the fields at a high place, safe from the adversity of flood. 

2. The houses are built close to one another. 

3. All the houses are concentrated at one place and their residents face the external attacks jointly. 

4. Due to social bonding, their residents share their joys and sorrows. 

5. Number of houses in these settlements can vary from 40 – 50 up to hundreds. 

6. Their population can be 500 to 1000 or even more according to the available resources.

According to Blache, a structure built by human for his residence and property purpose is called settlement.

Human settlements are built for the fulfilment of the following objectives: 

1. To lessen the adversities of natural environment, i.e., for protection from seasonal conditions. 

2. For the storage and safety of food grains and other useful material. 

3. For the safety of self and food material from wild animals and livestock. 

4. For social, cultural, religious, economic and educational works. 

5. To lead a family life with comfort.

(c) scattered settlements

The cities evolved in the Valleys of Indus and Dajla – Farat in 5000 BC.

Human settlements were built for the safety purpose and storage of food.