Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Following steps are required for raising funds from public: 

1. SEBI Approval: SEBI regulates the capital market of India. A public company is required to take approval from SEBI. 

2. Filing of Prospectus: Prospectus means any documents which invites offers from the public to purchase share and debenture of the company. 

3. Appointment of Bankers, Brokers, Underwriters: Bankers of the company receive the application money. Brokers encourage the public to apply for the shares. Underwriters are the persons who undertake to buy the shares if these are not subscribed by the public. They receive a commission for underwriter. 

4. Minimum Subscription: According to the SEBI guidelines, minimum subscription is 90% of the issue amount. If minimum subscription is not received then the allotment cannot be made and the application money must be returned to the applicants within 30 days. 

5. Application to Stock Exchange: It is necessary for a public company to list their shares in the stock exchange. Therefore, the promoters apply in a stock exchange to list company shares. 6. Allotment of Shares: Allotment of shares means acceptance of share applied. Allotment letters are issued to the shareholders. The name and address of the shareholders is to be submitted to the Registrar.

The Articles of Association are the rules for the management of the internal affairs of a company. The articles define the duties, rights and power of the officer and director of the company. 

Contents of the Articles of Association (It is not an exhaustive but illustrative list)

• The amount of share capital and different types of shares. 
• Rights of each class of shareholder. 
• Procedure for making allotment of shares. 
• Procedure for issuing share certificates. 
• Procedure for forfeiture and reissue of share. 
• Procedure for conducting, voting and proxy. 
• Procedure for appointment of director. 
• Procedure for declaration of dividend. 
• Procedure for alteration of share capital. 
• Procedure regarding winding up of the company.

(b) Dispersed

(d) A is correct and R is wrong.

(d) A and R are correct and R explains A.

(a) Water bodies

A satellite town is a town designed to house the over population of a major city, but is located well beyond the limits of that city.

Eg. Patna, Barauni, Varanasi and Hajipur

Old House Types 

1. In the early periods of human settlement, houses were built using local materials.

2. In the agricultural regions, houses were built with mud walls and the roof was made of stalks of paddy (or) other crops of grass (or) thatch.

3. Local wood was used to provide frame for the roof.

4. Such old houses had wide verandahs and an open air circulation.

5. The size of the house depended on the economic status of its inhabitants.

Caucasoid race is also known as European race

Mongoloid Race is Known as Asian – American Race

(b)  1,3.4,2

1. India is said to be one of the cradle lands of human civilization. 

2. The ancient Indus valley civilization in India was believed to have been of Dravidian origin in northern India. 

3. The Dravidian people were pushed south when the Indo-Aryan came in later.

In an urban region, a city which is very much advanced in terms of infrastructure, real estate, communication and market availability is called a Smart City.

E.g. Bhubaneshwar, Pune, Jaipur, Surat.

1. iii 

2. iv 

3. i

4. ii

(1) -OH group increases the electron density more at ortho and para positions through its electron releasing resonance effect. 

(2) Alcohols are capable of forming intermolecular H-bonds. 

Coreect Answer is:

(a) higher

1. Kalahari

2. language 

3. Urban 

4. Satellite 

5. pilgrim

The official language of India is Hindi

Relative poverty is the condition in which people lack minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain average standard of living in the society in which they live.

1. iii

2. i 

3. iv 

4. v 

5. ii

Language is a great force of socialization. Language, either in the written or oral form, is the most common type of communication.

Religion is classified as follows 

1. Universalizing Religions 

2. Ethnic Religions 

3. Tribal or Traditional Religions

Religion means a particular system of faith and worship, which brings human being with human society. Religion, is a symbol of group identity and a cultural rallying point. 

it is classified as follows: 

1. Universalizing Religions: Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. 

2. Ethnic Religions: Judaism, Hinduism and Japanese Shintoism. 

3. Tribal or Traditional Religions: Animism, Shamanism and Shaman.

(c) Dr a vidian

Correct Answer is : (a) Bihar

Poverty is a curse that leads to starvation, malnourishment, low life expectancy, low – level of education and the minimum level of human – development. According to Lord Boyd Orr, “A person who gets less than 2400 calories per day is poor”.

1. Rural settlements are predominantly located near water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and springs where water can be easily available. 

2. People choose to settle near fertile lands suitable for agriculture, along with the provision of other basic needs. 

3. Factors Influencing Rural Settlement 

(a) Nature of topography 

(b) Local weather Condition 

(c) Soil and water resources 

(d) Social organisation 

(e) Economic condition

Absolute poverty is a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information.

A rural settlement pattern is a function of relief, climate, water supply and socio-economic factor.

It is broadly classified under the following patterns, such as Linear, Rectangular, Circular, Star like pattern etc., 

1. In a Linear settlement, houses are arranged along the either side of a road, railway line, river (or) canal,the edge of a valley,etc., E.g. the Himalayas the Alps, the Rockies. 

2. The rectangular settlements are almost straight, meeting each other at right angles. Such a settlement is found in plain areas (or) inter montane plain. E.g. Sutlej. 

3. Houses built around a central area are known as Circular pattern of settlements. Such settlement develop around lakes and tanks.

A mega city is a very large city typically with a population of more than 10 million people. Mumbai has these specifications and so it is a mega city.

The full form of IRDP is “Integrated Rural Development Programme”.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) is a job guarantee scheme for rural Indians. It was enacted by legislation on 5 September 2005. The scheme provides a legal guarantee for at least 150 days of paid employment in every financial year to adult members of any family willing to do unskilled manual work related to public works at the statutory minimum wages of Rs.181 per day. If they fail to do so, the government has to pay this salary at their homes.

India is the only country in the world which provides guaranteed job to rural adults. Several changes can be seen in India due to MNREGA. Doubtlessly, MNREGA has been working towards the alleviation of unemployment as well poverty from the country. Under this scheme, rural Indians have been engaged in unskilled jobs like watershed development program, water conservation, road construction, digging ponds, forest, conservation and plantation in their villages. Similarly, MNREGA also provides employment to the population of drought effected areas, inaccessible hilly areas where people are at the edge of starvation.

Dr. Swaminathan writes: The potential of employment in agriculture has become very low. So the Government should pay attention towords the development of non-agricultural fields and should make meaningful efforts to employ men there. In India MNREGA scheme has proved very profitable. Besides, it is also cooperating for the development of means of communication, medical facilities, education, etc.

Present Aspects of MNREGA:

Main aspects of MNREGA are given below:

1. The activities of the scheme have been expanded so that it might become more significant. 

2. Electronic management system is used to pay the wages. 

3. Extra 100 days per year paid work is provided in the drought effected regions. 

4. To check the discrepencies in the employment records, it has been attached with Aadhar Card. 

5. MNREGA has been attached to clean India Mission. 

6. The paid wages under MNREGA are attached with CPI – AL so that the labourer might not face any pressure of inflation. 

7. Social Audit System has been started in MNREGA.

Due to an increase in the income, the demand of agricultural products and other goods has increased and therefore demand of labour in other economic activities has also increased. And this has caused an increase in wages.

According to Lord Boyd, a person who gets less than 2300 calories per day is poor

(d) Protective development

The full form of MNREGA is “Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act”.

The concept of poverty line was represented by Lord Boyd Orr, the director of Food and Agriculture Organization in United Nations Organisation in 1945.

Concept of sustainable development : The term sustainable development was first used in the Brundtland Commission Report. In fact, it is made of two words ‘lasting’ or ‘sustain’ and development. ‘Bruntaland defined sustainable development in his document ‘Our Joint Future’, while presiding over the World Commission on Environment and development. In this document, he says, “Sustainable development is such development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the opportunity of future generations to meet their own needs.” This development is based on the sense of co – operation, association, respect and reverence of mankind for nature.

This concept not only deals with environment, but also concentrates on conservation of resources. Sustainable development not only maintains the stable relationship between man and his environment, but it also focuses on such a dynamic activity that maintains the balance among present and future needs, resources, capital and technology.

Several synonyms are used for sustainable development, some of these aremaintainable development, viable development, stable development, intensification of economy, etc. Conferences of sustainable Development: Several conferences mere organised in the world for sustainable development, environment and ecological balance and safety, among which, 

main conferences are as follows.

1. Earth summit or Rio Summit: In June 1992, the United Nations organised a conference on environment in Rio – De – Janeiro city of Brazil. This conference is known as First Earth Summit or Rio Summit/conference. In this summit, a profile of Agenda-21 was presented. In this, the governing principles for sustainable development were explained.

2. Second Earth Summit: It was organised in New York in June 1997. No absolute proposal was accepted for agreement in this summit.

3. Third Earth Summit: It was organised in Johannesburg in August 2002. Its main theme was sustainable development. That’s why, it is also known as the sustainable development world summit. In this conference, considering sustainable development, the developing countries urged the developed countries to change their lifestyle, but the developed countries were not ready for it. In this conference, the only agreement done was that a ten year program will be implemented to make the production and consumption sustainable.

The full form of TRYSEM is “Training of Rural Youth for Self – Employment”.

Main objective of economic development is to eradicate poverty from the country.

(c) Alleviation of poverty

The Community Development Program was started in 1952.

 The correct answer is (i), (ii), (iii)

The chief objective of community development program is to improve the traditional lifestyle in rural areas and provide rural people equity and justice.

(i), (ii), (iii)

(i) H₂/Pd

(ii) LiAlH₄

(iii) NaBH₄

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act was notified on 5 September 2005. The act was started in the state of Andhra Pradesh and 200 most backward districts of country on 2 Feb. 2006. Later on, all 644 rural districts were also included in this program on 1 April 2008. Six most backward districts were also included in the first phase.

MNREGA provides unskilled work for rural population for at least 150 days per year. Under this plan, the wages are paid according to the wages specified for agricultural labourers in the state under the Minimum Wages Act 1948, unless the central government decides the wage rate.

Poverty indicates hunger, malnourishment, low living standard, poor education and very low human development.

(d) All these

The alternative sources of electricity production are wind energy, solar energy, thermal energy, biomass energy, etc.