Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Sociology is a subject with which everyone knows something about society. Other subjects are learnt at home, school or elsewhere through instructions but much of our with growth in years as it appears to be acquired naturally or automatically.

A society consists of

(i) Males and females, adults and children, various occupational and religious groups and so on.

(ii) The interrelationship between various that of parents and children and between various groups.

(iii) Finally, all the parts of the society are put together and system are interrelated and complementary concepts.

This statement is True.

• Programming, information technology, and computer science have aided the process of computerisation, which in turn has digitised processes for several sectors, e.g., education, banking, revenue, taxation, marketing, etc. 
• Digitisation is based on technology, innovation, research, and development.
• Digitisation had led to frequent changes in business models due to growth in newer technologies, e.g., Artificial 
• Intelligence is used for various purposes such as production, manufacturing, surgery, etc.

This statement is True.

• The impact of changes resulting from computerisation and digitisation. Processes have had far-reaching changes in 
• Indian society in terms of access to knowledge artificial intelligence, egovernance, e-commerce, e-learning, e-trade, e-shopping, etc., the list is endless.
• Digitalisation has sped up the processes of data mining and data management and has made this world a global village. 
• The click of a button can open up a range of options to the user through a very simple procedure.

This statement is True.

• Modernisation is the application of modern science to human affairs. 
• It is linked to the notion of rationalism; the approach and ability to provide logical explanations for any phenomenon. 
• Scientific reasoning explains causal relationships between factors. There N is a shift to secular and rational values from spiritual-religious values. 
• Persons who claim to be modern are willing to examine daily events, literature, culture, art, customs, beliefs from a critical point of view and be able to explain the constructive and destructive aspects of a phenomenon. 
• The ultimate aim of this rational and scientific perspective in modernisation is to make human life better and satisfactory.

• The process of globalisation in the Indian context received an impetus in 1991.
• In India, New Economic Policy was declared in 1991 by Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. 
• Globalisation is basically an economic process. It proposes to integrate the national economy with the global economy. 
• There is free flow not only of capital, goods, and technology but also of skilled human resources and ideas across the globe.
• It proposes to remove barriers in the free movement of human beings and broaden their mental horizons. 
• Due to globalisation, the impact of the western culture and decline of the traditional values as well as changes in the social institutions like family, marriage, etc. 
• We are beset with the positive and negative impacts of globalisation. 
• Examples: International companies such as Pepsi, Coca-Cola, McDonald’s.

Birth rate and death rate are fundamental concepts in Demography.

Birth rate: It refers to the total number of births in a particular area, which can be the entire country, a state or any territorial unit during a specific period.

• Crude birth rate in expressed through the following method : B/p x 1000

B = Number of births P = Entire population

• It is crude birth rate because it does not include the ratio of bearing age.

• Birth rate can be defined as the number of live births per thousand persons in a years.

• Birth rate gets significantly affected by Age of marriage, infertility, climatic conditions, social condition, religious beliefs and education.

Death rate: It is the number of deaths per thousands persons in a year in a particular area, which can be the entire country, a state or any other territorial unit.

Causes of slow birth rate:

Birth rate is relatively slow while the death rate can be brought down at much faster rate for the following reasons:

• Public health measures and medical advancement can control the death rate immediately. 

Everybody wants good health and wants to live a long life. Because of the love for life everybody adopts all medical and technological measures with high level of motivation.

Birth rate continues to be high because it is related to attitude, beliefs and values of people.

Birth rate is related to religious beliefs and by and large it is socio-cultural phenomena which is significantly slow to change.

English political economist Thomas Robert Malthus argued that human population tend to grow at a much faster rates than the rate which the means of human subsistence (land, agriculture) can grow. 

He said population rises in geometric progression whereas agricultural production can only grow in Arithmetic progression. 

Malthus believed that positive checks to population growth in the form of famines and diseases, was inevitable. These are nature’s way of dealing with the balance between food supply and increasing population.

 According to him, these natural checks are extremely painful and difficult. Although it helps to achieve a balance between population and subsistence by increasing the death rate

Theory of demographic transition suggests that population growth in linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth. 

There are three basic phases of population growth: 

Stage I: Primitive Stage [Underdeveloped countries] 

• Low population growth in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward. 

• In such societies like Africa birth rate is high since people are unaware of the advantages of having small families, they are not educated.

• Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available, therefore population is low. 

Stage II: [Developing countries]. The birth rate and death rate rank very high, the net growth rate remains low. Birth rate is high as in this society people live in a patriarchal society in which men decide how many children must be bom and male child is preferred. People are illiterate and ignorant. Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available. 

Stage III: [Developed countries]. Birth rate in low because people are educated and aware and use contraceptives, birth control is popularised. Death rate is also low because of availability of health and medical facilities, therefore population is low. 

Transitional Stage: The stage between backwardness and skilled people]: In this stage growth rate of population is very high whereas death rates are brought down due to better medical facilities, nutrition and better medical and technological advancement therefore this transition period is associated with a population explosion.

• There is a considerable increase in the immigration of the young technocrats to the developed countries, leaving behind aging parents. 
• There is an increase in the family arguments and break up of more and more marriages and families. 
• The role of the state has been greatly curtailed in economic activities. The role of the state-owned, managed, and controlled public sector has also been curtailed by privatisation and disinvestment. 
• The state also withdrawing from essential social services like health insurance and education by means of privatisation.
• There is the cultural invasion of western culture. The traditional value and norms of behaviour have slackened up. 
• Consumerism and the pursuit of materialist culture are increasing. 
• The conflict of traditional and modern values has threatened the traditional culture of India.

1.Cellulose  is an example of dietry fibre. 

2. Jute is obtained from a plant called Patsun

3. Give two example of unstitched garments Shawl and Dhoti

1 – e
3 – c
3 – b
4 – a

As centuries passed, the number of animals increased beyond the means to sustain them. The large herds of cattle began to affect the fragile vegetation of Marwar. The cattle grazed down the seedlings and saplings. They had little chance of growing into well-grown trees. This affected the vegetation. Animals and the Bhils found it difficult to sustain themselves.

शताब्दियों के गुजरने के साथ ही, पशुओं की संख्या में वृद्धि हुई लेकिन उनके निर्वहन के साधनों में वृद्धि नहीं हुई। पशुओं के बड़े-बड़े झुंडों ने मारवाड़ के वनस्पतिकरण को प्रभावित करना शुरू किया। पशुओं ने उगते और बढ़ते हुए पौधों को चर डाला। अब उनके बड़े पौधों के रूप से वृद्धि होने की संभावना समाप्त हो गई। इसने वनस्पतिकरण को प्रभावित करना प्रारंभ किया। पशुओं तथा भीलों को अपने जीवन का निर्वहन करना मुश्किल हो गया।

1. (c) 

2. (d) 

3. (a) 

4. (e) 

5. (b)

Either surfaces of the leaf is surrounded by thin layer of epidermis which shows small tiny pores called as stomata. More number of stomata observed on ventral surface and little number of stomata observed on dorsal surface. The shape is similar but the coloration is thick towards dorsal and thin towards ventral surface. It means more number of chloroplasts present at dorsal and little number towards ventral. Size of stomata is same and no differentiation.

When Moti came late to pundits house, she explained that she couldn’t cross the river without the of the boatman. When the pundit commented jocularly that one could cross even the ocean of life by uttering the name of Vishnu, she told him that she did not know about it. She thanked him for passing the secret on to her. The pandit laughed at her naivety.

She just uttered the name of Vishnu and walked across the river.

He appreciated the pain she had taken in getting up early, milking the cow and delivering the milk to him at dawn. He also asked the milkmaid to convey his thanks to the boatman.

The secret was that one could cross even the ocean of life by buttering the name of Vishnu. This was shared by the pundit to the milkmaid.

Correct answer is (b) landlord

Correct answer is (d) God

When the pundit saw the mlilk maid crossing the river with ease, he was dumbstruck and almost fainted.

The boatman told her that it would not be possible for him to fly the boat in darkness as the river was in spate.

Correct answer is (c) prostrated

Correct answer is (d) contrast

(c) waited, though, till

She came late on the first day of the ritual because the boatman did not turn up that early even though Moti informed him of the need for her to cross the river.

The milkmaid, Moti, supplied milk to a celebrated Pundit who had many disciples and admirers. The milkmaid thought that it was a great privilege to serve a great Pundit and discharged her duties sincerely. One day, the Pundit asked her to deliver the milk at least an hour before sunrise, as he was under a vow for performing a certain ritual. The milkmaid agreed but came to deliver the milk long after sunrise. When questioned by the Pundit, she said that she couldn’t cross the river without the boatman. The Pundit commented jocularly that one could cross even the ocean of life by uttering the name of Lord Vishnu. She thanked the Pundit for passing on the secret to her.

Days passed and the period of Pundit’s vow came to an end. The Pundit thanked her and asked her to tell the boatman that he was pleased with him for his task. The milkmaid told him that she crossed the river without the boatman’s help. She just uttered the name of Vishnu and crossed the river. The Pundit was surprised to hear this. He followed her to know the truth. When he saw the milkmaid paying respect to the river and then crossing it with ease, he almost fainted.

While demonstrating the miracle of faith, the story also draws a contrast between scholarship and innocence. It shows the difference between a knowledge of there theory and the knowledge that works through one’s faith in God.

The boatman helped her to cross the river.

The pundit was under a vow for performing a certain ritual for which he needed the milk at down

Correct answer is (c) ocean

He was one of the admirers of the Pundit.

The milkmaids name was Moti.

The pundits discourse was about God and Truth and similar tough and complex matters.

No, Moti did not fail in her duty.

The story draws a contrast between the scholarship and innocence by demonstrating the miracle of faith.

Moti’s resolution was that even if the landlord failed to pay her for the milk and her labour, she would not fail in her duty.

She left happy that she made a humble contribution towards the pundits physical well being by regularly supplying him with pure milk.

The fluid which fills the central canal of the spinal cord is Cerebrospinal fluid.

The dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord contain cell bodies of Sensory type of neurons. 

(a) Near Sightedness 

(b) Far Sightedness

Mass of chlorophyll = 4.0 g

% of Mg = 2.68

Mass of Mg in 4.0 g of chlorophyll = \(\frac{2.68\times4}{100}\)

= 0.1072 g

6.022 × 10²³ atoms of magnesium = 24 g

\(\because\) 24 g of Mg contain 6.022 × 10²³ atoms

\(\therefore\) 0.1072 g of Mg will contain = \(\frac{6.022\times10^{23}\times0.1072}{24}\) = 0.0269 x 10²³

⁼ 2.69 × 10²¹ atoms

100 g chlorophyll contains 2.68 g Mg = 2.68/24 mole Mg

2 g chlorophyll contains 2.68 x 2/24 x 100 mole Mg = 2.2 x 10^-3 mole Mg

No. of Mg atoms = 2.2 x 10^-3 x 6.023 x 10²³

= 1.345 x 10²¹ atoms of Mg

Borges believes that poetry is something so intimate and so essential that it cannot be defined without oversimplifying it. Then he says that poetry is not the poem and opines that a poem may be nothing more than a series of symbols. Borges opines that poetry is the aesthetic act that takes place when the poet writes it and when the reader reads it. He believes that poetry is a magical, mysterious and unexplainable – although not an incomprehensible – event. He believes that one should feel the poetic event upon reading it otherwise the poet should be deemed to have failed.

According to Borges, among the many inventions of man, the book is undoubtedly the most astounding of all. All others are extensions of our bodies. The telephone is the extension of our voice, the telescope and the microscope are extensions of our sight and the sword and the plough are extensions of our arms. Only the book is an extension of our imagination and memory. Modern modes in communications have not developed anything to work as a substitute for our imagination and memory.