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Principle of management try to establish the relation between cause and effect so that they can be used in the similar situations in a large number of cases.

The principles of management are not definite like the principles of pure science.

Division of work

Authority is the right to give order and obtain obedience.

Management Principles are said to be universal because these are applicable in all types of organisations, at all levels and at all times.

Accurate cause and effect relationship can not be established by the principles of management because they are mainly applicable to human behaviour which cannot be kept under control.

Principles of Management are different as:

(i) Principles of management are not as rigid as Principles of pure sciences.

(ii) Principles of management deal with human behaviour and cannot be tested in laboratories like the principles of pure science.

(iii) Principles of management are general guidelines whereas Principles of pure sciences are specific.

Science not rule of thumb

According to F.W. Taylor, “Scientific management is the act of knowing exactly, what you want men to do and observing that how nicely and cheaply they are doing it”.

Detailed Answer:

According to Peter F. Drucker "The core of scientific management is the organised study of work, the analysis of this work into the simplest elements and the systematic improvement of the workers performance of each element”.

The objective of method study is to determine the best way of doing the specific job within the given parameters.

The role of 'speed boss' as a foreman in functional foremanship is to ensure timely and accurate completion of job.

The role of ‘gang boss’ as a foreman in functional foremanship is to keep the machine and tools ready for operation by workers.

The main objective of the motion study is to eliminate the unnecessary motions.

It is useful for larger organisations.

(a) Equity

(b) Henry Fayol

Correct option is (a) (iii), (iv), (i), (ii)

Time study determines the standard time taken to perform a well defined job.

Main objective of motion study is to find out a method which results into minimum wastage of movement of man and material.

Characteristics of principles of management:

(i) Universal applicability

(ii) General guidelines.

(iii) Formed by practice and experimentation.

(iv) Flexible.

(v) Mainly behavioural.

(vi) Cause and effect relationship.

(vii) Contingent.

Characteristics/Nature of Principles of Management:

(i) Universal applicability: The principles of management are intended to apply to all types of organisations, business as well as non-business, small as well as large, public sector as well as private sector, manufacturing as well as the services sectors. However, the extent of their applicability would vary with the nature of the organisation, business activity, scale of operations and the like.

(ii) General guidelines: The principles are guidelines to action but do not provide readymade, and to the point solutions to all managerial problems. This is so because real business situations are very complex and dynamic and are a result of many factors. However, the importance of principles cannot be underestimated because even a small guideline helps to solve a given problem.

(iii) Formed by practice and experimentation: The principles of management ate formed by experience and collective wisdom of managers as well as experimentation. For example, It is a matter of common experience that discipline is indispensable for accomplishing any purpose. This principle is mentioned in the management theory. On the other hand, in order to remedy the problem of fatigue of workers in the factory, an experiment may be conducted to see the effect of improvement of physical conditions to reduce the stress.

(iv) Flexible: The principles of management are not rigid prescriptions, which have to be followed absolutely. They are flexible and can be modified by the manager when the situation so demands. They give the manager enough discretion to do so.

(v) Mainly behavioural: Management principles aim at influencing behaviour of human beings. Therefore, principles of management are mainly behavioural in nature. It is not that these principles do not pertain to things and phenomenon at all; it is just a matter of emphasis. Moreover, principles enable a better understanding of the relationship between human and material resources in accomplishing organizational purposes.

(vi) Cause and effect relationships: The principles of management are intended to establish relationship between cause and effect so that they can be used in similar situations in a large number of cases. As such, they tell us if a particular principle was applied in a particular situation, what would be its likely effect. The principles of management are less than perfect since they mainly apply to human behaviour. In real life, situations are not identical. Therefore, accurate cause and effect relationships may be difficult to establish.

(vii) Contingent: The application of principles of management is contingent or dependent upon the prevailing situation at a particular point of time. The application of principles has to be changed as per requirements.

The main objective of time-study is to get the estimated figure of labour costs, to determine the number of required workers and to decide about the suitable incentive plan.

Because they are directly concerned with human behaviour and behaviour of human beings is always uncertain.

i. Universal Applicability: Universality refers to that truth which is equally applicable in all spheres (Both business and non business). The principles of management are also universal in nature.

ii. General Guidelines: The principles of management are of the nature of general guidelines, and they cannot be applied strictly.

iii. Formed by Practice and Experimentation: Principles of management are the results of various problems faced by the professional people. First of all problems appeared and then through careful research work solutions were found. Thus, we recognise the solutions, found with the help of practice and experience as principles of management.

Time Study determines the standard time required to complete a well defined task, the number of workers to be employed, Iabour costs and framing of suitable incentive schemes.

The objective of method study is to determine the best way of doing the specific job within the given parameters.

The objective of time study is to determine the standard time required to perform a well-defined job.

Pay-in slip is used to deposit cash or cheque received in the bank while cheque is used to withdraw cash from the bank or to make payment by cheque.

Training is useful to prevent skill obsolescence of employees.

(b) Both theory and practical training

She should provide on the job training program to her employees, at the workplace itself.

The employees leam the techniques to operate the machineries. It will increase the production.

The purposes of training are as follows:

1. Improved Quality of Work- Training helps to focus on specific area and enables the employees to increase the quality of work carried out by them. 

2. Prevention of obsolescence- Training helps to learn more knowledge regarding the latest techniques and trends. 

3. Improved Safety Measures- Employees gain awareness about the risks involved in job and safety measure to be adopted through a proper training program.

When a superior gives training to subordinates, it is called internship training. The subordinates learn through experience and observation by participating in handling day to day problems.

Off the job training is the training method where the workers/employees learn the job role away from the actual workplace.

On the job training is given to the employee at the workplace.

1. Managerial 

2. Trainer

On the job training refers to the training which is given to the employee at the work place. In other words the employee learns the job in the actual work environment. On the job training is suitable for imparting skills.

Training is one of the planned activities to transfer or modify knowledge, skills and attitude. Every training programme must address certain vital issues listed below.

According to Edwin B. Flippo” Training is the act of increasing the Knowledge and skills of an employee for doing particular jobs”. Training may be mainly divided into:

(a) On the job training: 

(b) Off the job training:

(a) On the Job Training: On the job training refers to the training which is given to the employee at the work place. The following are the on the job training methods.

1. Coaching Method: In this method of training, the superior teaches or guides the new employee about the knowledge and skills. 

2. Mentoring Method: Mentoring is the process of sharing knowledge and experience of an employee. 

3. Internship Training Method: A superior gives training to a subordinates or understudy like an assistant to a manager.

(b) Off the Job Training: It is the training method wherein the workers learn the job role away from the actual work place. The following are types of off the job training:

1. Lecture Method: Under this method trainees are educated about concepts, theories, principles in any particular area. 

2. E-learning Method: E-learning is the use of technological process to access of a traditional classroom or office.

Vestibule training is training of employees in an environment similar to actual work environment. This type of training is given to avoid any damage or loss to machinery in the actual place by trainees.

E-leaming is the use of technological process to access of a traditional classroom or office.

A person who is learning and practising the skills of particular job is called trainee. Trainees should be selected on the basis of self-interest and recommendation by the supervisor.

Trainer is a person who teaches skills to employee and prepare them for a job activity. Trainers may be supervisor, co-workers, HR staffs, specialists in the other parts of the company, outside consultants.

Training is the act of increasing / enhancing the new skill of problem solving activity and technical knowledge of an employee for doing the jobs themselves.

(c) Conferences

Modern management experts are of the view that coordination is not a separate function of management, rather it forms a major part of all the other functions of management. It means, when a manager diligently performs all the management functions, he or she remains busy in establishing coordination.

(d) National Market

(b) Determinining the suitable of the candidates

(a) one year to two years

The process of placing the right man on the right job is called Placement.

Marketing mix means a marketing program that is offered by a firm to its target Consumer to earn profits through satisfaction of their wants.

(d) All of the above