Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns and von Tschermak.

a. 

i. a is S = CA² b is log S = log C + Z log A

ii. Slope is Z (regression coefficient). Its normal value ranges from 0.6 to 1.2.

iii. In frugivorous birds and mammals, value of Z=1.15

b. Reasons for greater diversity of animals are:

i. Animal are mobile and can avoid predator or unfavourable event. 

ii. Well developed nervous system to receive stimuli against external factors and respond to them.

The observable or external morphological characteristics (features) of an organism constitute its phenotype.

(a) four different types of gametes produced by the F1 hybrid

The union of an abnormal XX egg and a normal Y- sperm results in trisomy of sex (X) chromosome. This is a type of sex chromosomal abnormality where the individual has 47 chromosomes (44 + XXY) and the abnormality is called Klinelter’s syndrome.

Statistical Error:
Term error is used in statistics in a technical science.. It is the difference between the estimated or approximated value and the true value.

Mistake:
The mistake arises because of miscalculations, use of wrong methods of calculations and wrong interpretation of the result these may arise due to the unrepresentative character of the data.

Difference between mistaks and error

Following are Differences between Census enumeration and sample survey: 

Census Enumeration 

• Enumeration of each and every unit of the population is called census enumeration. 
• Non sampling errors are likely to be more. 
• This method is not scientific.
• This method is impossible if the population is infinite. 
• This method requires more money, time and labour. 
• In destructive cases this method cannot be used.

Sample survey 

• Enumeration of a few representative units of the population is called sample survey. 
• Sampling errors are more. 
• This method is more scientific. 
• This method is more suitable if the population is infinite. 
• This method is economical. 
• In destructive cases this method is only method which can be used.

The merits and demerits of census enumeration are: 

The merits are:-

• The results are more accurate and reliable. 
• The data are collected from each and every unit of the population.
• It provides the detailed study of all the units of the population. 
• Census method is free from sampling errors. 

The Demerits are:- 

• Non sampling errors are likely to be more in census enumeration. 
• It requires more money, labour and time.
• It is not possible in some circumstances where the universe is vast. 
• While procuring the data if the units are damaged, census enumeration is not suitable.

In situ conservation

i. It is conservation and protection of biodiversity in its natural habitat. 

ii. Population is conserved in the surroundings where they have developed their distinctive features. 

iii. E.g., national parks, biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, etc.

Ex situ conservation 

i. It is conservation of selected threatened plant and animal species in places outside their natural habitat. 

ii. Population is conserved under simulated conditions that closely resemble their natural habitats. 

iii. E.g., botanical gardens, zoological parks, wildlife safari, gene banks, etc.

It shows that the two genes are linked.

A single gene that governs multiple phenotypic effects is called a pleiotropic gene.

Random sample is the selection of units from the population such that each unit of the population has equal chance of being included the in the sample.

Census method is the method of collection of the data by complete enumeration of every unit of the population, eg., population census of India conducted once in every 10 years is a census method. In this, the information obtained is most accurate, reliable, but requires more labor, money and time.

The population is divided in to different groups of units called strata, which are homogeneous with respect to a specific character.

The following are some of the methods of sampling. 

1. Simple random sampling. 

2. Systematic sampling. 

3. Stratified sampling. 

1. Simple random sampling: In this method the samples are drawn in such a way that every unit of the population has equal chance of being included the in the sample. Random samples can be obtained by i) Lottery method ii) Use of Random numbers. 

2. Stratified sampling: In this method the population is divided in to different groups of units called strata, which are homogeneous with respect to a specific character. From each stratum appropriate number of units are randomly selected. This method is called Stratified sampling. 

3. Systematic sampling: In this method a population is serially arranged either in alphabetical or numerical order. Then first unit is selected at random between first and kthunit, and then every kth unit is selected. The number of units selected form the sample size.

Here = (No of units in the population/No. of units in the sample)

ie., One number will be selected between 1 and k by lottery method . Let it be ‘a’.

Then the sample units are : a, a+k , a+2k,…, a+ (n – 1)k.

For example, if N = 100, n = 10, then k = (N/n) = (100/10) = 10

If a = 5 , then. the sample units will be 5, 15 , 25, ….. , 995.

The Merits are:-

• This method requires less labour, less time and is economical. 
• Sample survey is more scientific.
•  This method is applied for those units which are destructive in nature. 
• Sample survey is free from non sampling errors. 

The Demerits are:- 

• Sample survey requires adoption of appropriate sampling method and appropriate methods of analysis. 
• If the population is too heterogeneous in nature, the use of sampling procedure is impossible 
• Sampling errors are part and parcel of sample survey.

The following points are considered while framing a schedule/questionnaire. 

1. Questions should be simple and easy to understand to get spontaneous answers. 

2. Questions should not confuse the reader and they should give one and only one meaning. 

3. The number of questions should be kept minimum. 4. If possible the questions should be capable of getting a definite answers, with either yes or no, a number, a place or a date etc., 

5. Questions should be capable of tabulating. 

6. The questions should be such that the least intelligent and a educated can answer them with least trouble 

7. The questions should be arranged in logical order. 8. The questions which hurt the feelings of the informant and which are of personal and confidential nature should be avoided. 

9. A far as possible the questions put should be corroborator at least on the point of importance. 

10. The questions should pre-tested in a small group of individuals before it is used. 

11. Questionnaire should look attractive. 

12. If possible a covering letter is attached along with the questionnaire.

a. Pollen sac b. pollen grains c. line of dehiscence d. filament.

Stalk of the ovule by which it is attached to the placenta.

 Fruits formed without fertilisation.

Stored pollen.

Cotyledon of monocot.

Sporogenous cells.

It is the transfer of pollen from one flower to the stigma of another flower on a separate plant of the same species.

1. India occupies a central and strategic location in the Indian Ocean.

2. Keeping the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace free from superpower rivalry is a major challenge in the Indian Ocean. 

3. Most of the conflicts since the end of the Cold War have taken place in or around the Indian Ocean region. As a result, almost all the world’s major powers have deployed substantial military forces in the Indian Ocean region. 

4. Expanding markets and larger import flows imply vulnerability at sea. Hence, the incidence of piracy, armed robbery and maritime terrorism are on the rise and has placed a premium on the complexity of Sea lane defence.

1. The continental shelf is the portion of continents submerged under oceanic water.

 2. It is normally occupied by different gulfs, seas, bays and straits. 

3. There is a wide range of variation in the continental shelves of the Indian Ocean.

 4. There are quite extensive shelves along the Indian coasts. 

5. The eastern coast of Africa and Madagascar record relatively narrow width of continental shelves, and along the Indonesian coast, it is very narrow (160 km). 

6. The continental shelves are very wide in the west of India whereas these are narrow along the eastern coast. 

7. Continental shelves are veneered with deposits brought down by terrestrial agents of erosion. 

8. Some of the sedimentary deposits are received from over thousand years.

9. As they remain deposited for a long time, sedimentary rocks are formed. 

10. Some of them are a potential source of fossil fuel.

Correct Answer is  (b) Lavan

Correct Answer is (d) Sri Lanka

Correct option is  (b) Pakistan

(c) Northeast current

Correct option is (c) eastern

Correct Answer is  (a) Andaman basin

1. Kerguelen Plateau

2. Oman Basin

3. Counter Equator Current

4. Agulhas Current

5. Australian Current

Correct Answer is  (a) Sumatra

The answer is (D) Ribosome

The answer is (C) Amitosis

The answer is (A) Chloroplast

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because the energy required for various life activities is released by mitochondria in the form of ATP molecules. ATP is known as the energy currency of the cell and is used as cellular fuel. Energy stored in ATP is used to carry out energy-requiring activities of the cell, such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis and muscle contraction.

Lysosome is rich in acid.

Golgi bodies.

Correct option is B) Diffusion

Correct option is A) Diffusion

Correct option is  (a) Portuguese

Correct option is  (b) east to west

The answer is (C) Mitochondria

Correct option is D) Osmosis

Correct option is (b) death of tissue

(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

1. India has the control and strategic location in the Indian Ocean. Therefore, India’s economic and national interests are linked with the Indian Ocean.
2. From economic point of view, India’s trade with neighbouring countries is dependent on the Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean provides major sea route connecting Middle East, Africa and East Asia with Europe and America. India’s import of mineral oil mainly comes from Gulf countries. 
3. The sand on the beaches along the Arabian Sea is rich in valuable minerals like uranium. India has offshore deposits of mineral oil at Bombay High in the Arabian Sea. Abyssal plains of the Indian Ocean have deposit of polymetallic nodules. These nodules are source of nickel, copper, manganese and cobalt.
4. India has developed very good trade relations with countries of east due to its location along the Arabian Sea. Trade volumes with ASEAN countries are increasing every year. The Indian market has emerged as one of the largest importers of South East Asian goods. India also has Free Trade Agreements with Singapore and Thailand.
5. The northern area of the Indian Ocean is the area of great significance in economic and strategic terms. With expansion of India’s export and import, India is forecasted to become one of the three fastest growing economics in the world.
6. Due to heavy trade, through Indian Ocean, the incidences of piracy, armed robbery and maritime terrorism are on the rise and therefore, defence work in the Indian Ocean have increased.
7. To keep the Indian Ocean as a zone of peace, free from superpower rivalry and increasing cooperation among littoral countries in the region has always been India’s foreign policy goal. For example, Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, Ganga-Mekong Cooperation, etc.