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In India, the VFX domain, or the animation and visual effects industry has been growing stronger and stronger in recent years.

1. Animation and visual effects requirement for massive international projects such as HBO’s top TV series and Marvels’ hit Infinity War and Black Panther was outsourced to Indian companies in Mumbai and Pune. 

2. This led to the significant increase in the number of students enrolling for a VFX course.

3. As such, a student that completes a 3D animation course cap hope to build a rewarding and satisfying career in the Media and Entertainment field these days. 

4. The timeless classics Tom and Jerry and Mickey Mouse created a milestone but the legacy is not disappointing. 

5. Indian animation has risen from an amateur piece of craft like “The Banyan Deer” to the million rupees project “Chhota Bheem” 

6. POGO, the leading cartoon channel in India is the most successful entertainment channel for kids. 

7. Indian animation industry is anticipated to grow faster than the IT industry. 

8. The industry has grown to a multibillion net work standard. 

9. As a result of the growing demand in industry, the scope of animation course in tremendous. 

10. The number of VFX artists and animators that worked on Baahubali was around 750.

11. Ex. For Top animates Movies: Spider-Man, Incredibles 2, Zootopia, Inside Out, Toy Story 3, Finding Nemo, Frozen, etc.

File Formats for Multimedia: The following is an outline of current file formats used for the production and delivery of multimedia data. Text Formats:

RTF Rich Text Format: is the primary file format introduced in 1987 by Microsoft with the specification of their published products and for cross-platform documents interchange.

Plain text: Plain text files can be opened, read, and edited with most text editors. Commonly used are Notepad (Windows), Gedit or nano (Unix, Linux), TextEdit (Mac OS X) and so on. Other computer programs are also capable of reading and importing plain text. Plain text is the original and popular way of conveying an e-mail.

Image Formats: TIFF (Tagged Image File Format): This format is common in desktop publishing world (high quality output), and is supported by almost all software packages. Recent versions of TIFF allows image compression, and the format is comfortable for moving large files between computers.

BMP (Bitmap): Initially this format is in use with Windows 3.1. It is quite large and uncompressed and hence BMP is used for the high-resolution or large images.

DIB (Device Independent Bitmap): This format which is similar to BMP, allows the files to be displayed on a variety of devices.

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format): GIF is a compressed image format. Most of the computer color images and backgrounds are GIF files. This file format is best suitable for graphics that uses only limited colors, and it is the most popular format used for online color photos. 13-bit Color look up table is used by the GIF format to identify its color values. This format is supported widely.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group): JPEG was designed to attain maximum image compression. It uses loss compression technique, where a compression method is referred that loses some of the data required for the image reconstruction. It works good with photographs, naturalistic artwork, and similar material but functions less on lettering, live drawings or simple cartoons.

TGA (Tagra): It is the first popular format for high-resolution images. TGA is supported by Most of the videocapture boards.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics): An extensible file format for the less loss, portable and well compressed storage of raster images. PNG acts as replacement for GIF and also replaces multiple common uses of TIFF. PNG works good with online viewing applications like worldwide web. So it is fully streameable with a best display option.

Digital Audio File Formats: 

1. WAV (Waveform Audio File Format): It is the most popular audio file format in windows for storing uncompressed sound files. In order to attain the. reduced file size it can also be converted to other file formats like MP3.

2. MP3 (MPEG Layer-3 Format) 

3. MPEG Layer-3 format is the most popular format for storing and downloading music. The MP3 files are roughly compressed to one-tenth the size of an equivalent WAV file.

4. OGG: A free, open source container format that is designed for obtaining better streaming and evolving at high end quality digital multimedia. It can be compared to MP3 files in terms of quality.

5. AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format): A standard audio file format used by Apple which is like a WAV file for the Mac.

6. WMA (Windows Media Audio): It is a popular windows media audio format owned by Microsoft and designed with Digital Right Management (DRM) abilities for copyright protection.

7. RA (Real Audio Format): Real Audio format is designed for streaming audio over the Internet. The digital audio resources are usually stored as a computer file in computer’s hard drive or CD/DVD. Besides the variety of audio file formats available, the most common formats are wave files (.WAV) and MPEG Layer-3 files (.MP3), WMA and RA.

Digital Video File Formats:

AVI (Audio/Video Interleave): AVI is the video file format for Windows. Here sound and picture elements are stored in alternate interleaved chunks in the file.

MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group): MPEG is a standard for generating digital video and audio compression under the International Standards Organization (ISO) by the group of people. The group

has developed MPEG-1, the standard on which Video CD and MP3 are based, MPEG-2, the standard that supports products as Digital Television set top boxes and DVD, MPEG-4, the standard for multimedia and mobile web. MPEG-7, the standard for search of audio and visual content. Research on MPEG-21 “Multimedia Framework” has started in 2000. Simply MPEG is the standards for digital video and audio compression.

Adequate time and efficient planning is required for multimedia production, which assures that the project will be proceed smoothly and certainly ensures that the information reaches the target audience. Following are the phases for development of complex multimedia projects. Multimedia and Desktop Publishing.

Conceptual Analysis and Planning: The process of multimedia making begins with a conceptual ignition point. Conceptual analysis identifies a appropriate theme, budget and content availability on that selected theme. Additional criteria like copyright issues also are considered in this phase.

Project design: Once the theme is finalized objectives, goals, and activities are drawn for the multimedia project. General statements are termed as goals. The specific statements in the project is known as the objectives. Activities are series of actions performed to implement an objective. These activities contribute to the Project design phase.

Pre-production: Based on the planning and design, it is necessary to develop the project.

The following are the steps involved in pre-production:

Budgeting: Budgeting for each phases like consultants, hardware, software, travel, communication and publishing is estimated for all the multimedia projects.

Multimedia Production Team: The production team for a high-end multimedia project requires a team efforts. The team comprises of members playing various roles and responsibilities like Script writer, Production manager, Editor, Graphics Architect, Multimedia Architect and Web Master.

Hardware/Software Selection: All multimedia Application requires appropriate tools to develop and playback the application. Hardware includes the selection of fastest CPU, RAM and huge monitors, sufficient disc for storing the records. Selection of the suitable software and file formats depends on the funds available for the project being developed.

Defining the Content: Content is the “stuff’ provided by content specialist to the multimedia architect with which the application is developed, who prepares the narration, bullets, charts and tables etc.

Preparing the structure: A detailed structure must have information about all the steps ‘along with the time line of the future action. This structure defines the activities, responsible person for each activity and the start/end time for each activity.

Production: In the multimedia application, after the pre-production activities, the production phase starts. This phase includes the activities like background music selection, sound recording and so on. Text is incorporated using OCR software, Pictures shot by digital camera, Video clips are shot, edited and compressed. A pilot project is ready by this time.

Testing: The complete testing of the pilot product is done before the mass production to ensure that everything is in place, thereby avoiding the failure after launch. If it’s an web . based product its functioning is tested with different browsers like Internet Explorer, Chrome,Mozilla and Netscape Navigator. If it is a locak multimedia application on a LAN it must be deployed in the server for testing purpose. After the testing process are over, the product is incorporated with valid suggested changes.

Documentation User documentation is a mandatory feature of all multimedia projects. The documentation has all the valuable information’s starting from the system requirement till the completion of testing. Contact details, e-mail address and phone numbers are provided for technical support and sending suggestions and comments.

Delivering the Multimedia Product: Multimedia applications are best delivered on CD/DVD or in the website . In reality various challenges are faced while delivering through internet, like bandwidth problems, huge number of plug-ins required to play audio and video and long downloading time. Finally, a multimedia application is delivered in a more effective way by the integration of two mediums CD-ROM/DVD and Internet.

(d) Both a and b

EDUSAT is an Education satellite launched in India to provide virtual classrooms.

“Business is a game of risk”. Whether it is a small or big business, the risk is its important part. Any business can earn profit only by undertaking risks only. The risk is related to factors such as market, finance, marketing, production, technology, business environment and factors such as social, legál; economic, political, technological. After identifying business risk, their intensive evaluation is done.

Risks which affect the business are: 

1. Economic Risks – 

These are the kinds of risks which directly affect the monetary aspect of the business. The main economic risks are as follows: 

• Risk related to the flow of money and capital market. 
• Risks related to the tax structure. 
• Risks related to privatisation and liberalisation. 
• Risk related to monetary policy. 
• Risks related to economic conditions and trends.

 Non – Economic Risk: 

Business is not merely an economic system, but it is also a social and human organisation. It is an important channel of creating and shaping cultural values, thinking styles, social beliefs, social trends, etc. A business has to work continuously in the economic, social and cultural environment of a country. Some non – economic risks are: 

• Risks related to physical features and climate. 
• Risks related to demographic changes. 
• Risks related to environmental balance. 
• Risks related to political instability. 
• Risks related to the socio-cultural environment.

The word ‘Risk’ means the possibility of loss due to some calamity or disaster. This possibility gives rise to uncertainties and these uncertainties, in turn, give birth to risk.

According to Franknitto, “Risk is a measurable uncertainty”.

According to Bourne and Kurtz, “Risk is the possibility of loss or damage”.

Economic Risks: 

Economic risks are those risks which directly affect the monetary and profit earning activities of the business. These risks can bring to an end the existence of a business.

Main Economic risks are as follows: 

1. Tax Structure Risk – 

Tax structure includes various parts, viz. income tax, corporation tax, sales tax, estate duty, customs duty, etc. Any change in the tax structure by the government creates risk. 

2. Risk Related to Liberalisation – 

It is an economic activity under which the rules, controls and prices are liberalised or relaxation are given in rules, controls with an objective to increase the rate of economic growth. This reduces certain risks in business but increases the risk related to market competition. 

3. Monetary Policy related Risk – 

This policy aims at controlling the amount of money and credit as well as the banking activities of a country. Monetary policy is executed by the central bank of the country. Monetary Policy can have both negative and positive impact on business risk. 

4. Risks Related to Economic and Trend Condition – 

Components like national income, economic development, employment conditions, the purchasing power of money, trade cycles, etc. have a direct impact on business risk. 

5. Risks related to Currency and Capital Market – 

When the financial market works favourably in the right direction, adequate funds are available for development and this reduces the risk of fund management. 

6. Risk Resulting from Privatization – 

It is a process of favourable and positive change in the economic sphere. This reduces certain risks in business but increases the risk related to market competition.

Aggression has an influence, especially if the teams were struggling in the process. A player who initiates the foul or aggressive behaviour, resulting in the opposition getting hurt, will cause lot of psychological problems too. Later on the player realizes that he was stupid in making that mistake and resent their team mate. The fans may critize or media will have big chance to write negative article, once they are cooled down they may regret their behaviour.

Correct Answer is: (c) 12

(a) conceptual analysis and planning

The production manager should not be an expertise in Text Narration.

WAV (Waveform Audio File Format), MP3 (MPEG Layer-3 Format), OGG, AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format), WMA (Windows Media Audio), RA (Real Audio Format).

Correct Answer is: (d) 4

AVI (Audio/Video Interleave) and MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group).

TIFF (Tagged Image File Format), BMP (Bitmap), DIB (Device Independent Bitmap), GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), TGA (Tagra), PNG (Portable Network Graphics).

MODULO is a multimedia based teaching and learning system at GMU in Germany to provide decentralized learning environment to the students.

Multimedia has five major components like text, images, sound, video and animation.

Text: Text is the basic components of multimedia and most common ways of communicating information to other person.

Image: Images acts as an vital component in multimedia. These images are generated by the computer in two ways, as bitmap or raster images and as vector images.

Sound: Sound is a meaningful speech in any language and is the most serious element in multimedia, providing the pleasure of music, special effects and so on.

Video: Video is defined as the display of recorded event, scene.

Animation: Animation is the process of displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement.

(a) (ii) (i) (iv) (v) (iii)

Correct Answer is: (d) 5

Correct Answer is: (a) Test

Multimedia has five major components like text, images, sound, video and animation.

(b) Multimedia

The two types of animations are path, Frame.

Correct Answer is: (a) 2

The various animation techniques are:

(i) Traditional Animation: Traditional animation involved animators drawing by hand for each and every frame. It is creating the drawings one by one on the frame. 

Eg. Snow White and the Seven Dwarf Movie

(ii) Computer animation – 2D, 3D:

1. The famous mickey mouse was created using the 2D animation technique. 

2. The first 2D animation was called Fantasmagorie. It is a short cartoon made by Emile Cohl. It is entirely in black and white.

(iii) Digital 2D animation: 

1. Creating animations in the 2 dimensional space with the help of digital technologies is called digital 2D animation. 

2. Create 100s of drawing and animate them to show same kind of movement in technically called digital 2d animations.

(iv) Digital 3D animation: 3D animation models are highly realistic. They are used to create Short Films, TV Commercials.

(v) Stop-motion animation: Using frame by frame animation, physical static objects are moved around. 

Eg. Movie “The Teddy Bears”.

(vi) Mechanical Animations: Instead of robotics, machines can be animated by using the mechanical animation techniques. It helps the animator to understand how the machine works.

(vii) Chuckimation: Chuckimation is one of the popular animation techniques created by “Action League Now!” creators. It is the combination of stop frame animation and live shots, where characters are dropped into a particular frame.

(Viii) Clay animation (or) claymation: Pieces of clay are moulded to create characters and based on the imagination of the animator, a story is unfolded. There are oil based and water based clays available.

(ix) Typography Animation: Typography is nothing but font faces and letters and combination of text in motion.

Eg. Titles part of movie “The Atlantic”

(x) Sand Animation: A lit glass table is used as a canvas and the animator creates animation by moving the sand in certain directions.

(xi) ZoetrOpe Animation: Some still images are drawn on a drum and when turned in a circular way, we will get an illusion of movement.

1. GIF – Graphics Interface Format 

2. TIFF – Tagged Image File Format 

3. JPEG – Joint Photographic Experts Group

Sampling rate is defined as how often the samples are taken and how many numbers are used to represent the value of each sample (bit depth, resolution and sample size).

Correct option is (a) corpus luteum

Correct Answer is: (d) MPEG-21

MPEG is a standard format for generation digital video and audio compression under the ISO.

Correct Answer is: (c) Sound

Correct Answer is: (b) Path

RA stands for Real Audio.

The MPEG layer-3 Format is MP3.

(a) Audio Video Interleave

The sound and picture elements in AVI are stored in alternate interleaved chunks in the file.

MIDI stand for Most Interactive Digital Interface.

Correct Answer is: (d) MIDI

(c) multimedia

Correct Answer is: (c) 16

Bitmap is a simple matrix of pixel that forms a raster image.

Correct Answer is: (c) 8

Correct Answer is: (d) OGG

GIF is a compressed image format.

Musical Instrument Digital Identifier (MIDI) is a standard communication tool developed for computers and electronic instruments. This tool is flexible and easy for composing the projects in multimedia. Tools for synthesizing the sound and software for sequencing are necessary for MIDI.

Correct Answer is: (d) ATM

Compression is a technique used to reduce the file size of images that is useful for storing large number of images and speeding transmission for networked applications.

Relatively small amount of data is required to represent the image and thereby only less memory is needed to store.

TIFF is a Image Format of file.