Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

कवि प्रभु से करुणा का जल बहाने की प्रार्थना करते हैं, जिससे सभी लोगों के मन पूरी तरह पवित्र बन जाएँ।

हे ईश्वर, तू अपनी करुणा का जल बहाकर हम सबके मन का हर कोना पवित्र कर दे।

(1) मन का विश्वास कमजोर हो ना।

(2) हर बुराई से बचते रहें हम।

(3) सबका जीवन ही बन जाए मधुबन।

(4) कर दे पावन हर एक मनका कोना।

(5) खो न दें खुद को ही दुश्मनी से।

(6) बोझ ममता से तू ये उठा ले।

ईश्वर की बनाई हुई रचना का अंत नहीं होना चाहिए।

In true root endodermis, radial and inner tangential walls of endodermal cells possess thickenings of lignin, suberin and some other carbohydrates in the form of strips they are called casparian strips.

हमारा मन करुणा के जल से पावन बनेगा।

धरती पर पाप का बोझ है।।

(d) lignin, suberin and some other carbohydrates

हम सबको प्यार और भाईचारे का संदेश देकर धरती का बोझ दूर करेंगे।

During sexual reproduction, a female gamete (egg) fuses with a male gamete (sperm) which are haploid to form a zygote. A zygote is diploid and contains 23 chromosomes from mother and 23 from father.  

In this way, an equal genetic contribution of male and female parents is ensured in the progeny.

Answer is (C) Frog

(B) Antirrhinum majus

Incomplete dominance is found in Antirrhinum majus.

(D) 1:2:1

Phenotypic ratio in plant Snapdragon in F₂ is 1:2:1.

Monocytes upon having inflammation, selectively travel to the sites of inflammation. Here they produce inflammatory cytokines and contribute to local and systemic inflammation. They are highly infiltrative. They differentiate into inflammatory macrophages, which then remove PAMPs or pathogenassociated molecular patterns and cell debris.

(A) 1 : 1

In hybridization, Tt × tt give rise to the progeny of ratio is 1 : 1.

1. Following are some respiratory disorders : Emphysema is caused due to alveolar abnormalities. Chronic bronchitis results into coughing and shortness of breath. 

2. Viral and bacterial respiratory diseases. Acute bronchitis, sinusitis, laryngitis and pneumonia are some of the inflammatory diseases caused either due to virus or due to bacteria. 

3. Allergens like pollen or pet dander can cause asthma. In asthma constriction of bronchioles takes place causing periodic wheezing and difficulty in breathing. 

4. Occupational hazards cause respiratory diseases like silicosis or asbestosis. In these disorders there is inflammation fibrosis leading to lung damage.

Treatments of respiratory diseases:

1. Bacterial diseases can be completely cured by specific antibiotics. 

2. Viral diseases need to be taken care of by using vaporizers and decongestants. 

3. Asthma needs treatment by inhalers and nebulizers. 

4. For occupational disorders proper mask and other protective gear is a must. 

5. Lethal diseases like pneumonia should be controlled by medication and rest.

The answer is 50 S & 30 S.

The answer is Lysosome.

They are minute bodies which are bounded by single unit membrane. They are formed by ER and are of three types-

Spherosomes:

They are small spherical orgenelles found in the cytoplasm of plant cells. They are bounded by single membrane of lipoprotein. They are not found in animal cells. They are formed by ER. They synthesize and store lipids. Examples – Cells of cotyledons of mustard, groundnut, sesame etc. They are also called as oleosome. They were discovered by Perner (1953). Term sphaerosome was given by Dangeard (1919). Their diameter is about 0.5 to 2.5 micron.

Peroxisomes:

They were discovered by C. de Duve (1966-67). They are round & small orgenelles which are virtually found in all eukaryotes (All plant cells, liver & kidney cells of animals). They are abundance in photosynthetic cells of plants doing photo respiration. They are full of enzymes like oxidases, catalases which function like lysosome.

Functions :

1. A major function of peroxisome is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids.
2. The process of photo respiration occurs jointly in peroxeosomes, chloroplasts & mitochondria.
3. In animal cells, they perform fat metabolism.
4. Their catalase enzyme degrades H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) released in metabolic activities.
5. They minimize the effects of toxins in the cytoplasm.

Glycoxysomes:

1. They were discovered by Harry Beevers (1961). Normally, they are found in fat rich plant cells such as fat storage tissues of germinating seeds.
2. Their enzymes initiate the breakdown of fatty acids to produce sugars (carbohydrate) by gluconeogenesis.
3. In glycoxysomes, the fatty acids are oxidized to acetyl- COA by peroxisomal p-oxidation enzymes.
4. They are absent in animal cells. They are minute orgenelles bounded by single unit membrane and perform glyoxylate cycle.

1. ER – Skeletal support to the cell.
2. Golgi body – It forms Lysosomes.
3. Lysosome – It performs digestion.
4. Spherosomes – It performs digestion.

The plastids may be pigmented or non-pigmented, on this basis, they are of three types (Schimper, 1983)

(i) Leucoplasts 

(ii) Chromoplasts & 

(iii) Chloroplasts

Mitochondria are called as “Power house” of the cell. They peform redox reactions to release electrons, they pass the electrons through ETS to from ATP and they store ATP in the matrix.

The answer is Cistemae, vesicles & tubules.

The answer is Amyloplast, Elaiplast &Aleuroplast.

The answer is Lamillae, vacuoles & vesicles.

Diamond and graphite are allotropes.

The answer is Bioplast.

1. The victim should immediately be brought out into the open.

2. The victim should be given artificial respiration with carbogen.

The answer is (b) Lysosome

The answer is (d) Plastid

Carbon monoxide is a highly poisonous gas. If air containing 0.5% carbon monoxide by volume is inhaled, death can result This is because carbon monoxide combines with the hemoglobin present in the blood cells of our body to form a stable compound called carboxyl-hemoglobin. This does not allow to absorb oxygen. Thus depriving our body cells of oxygen. This cause obstruction in respiration and causes death.

Uses of carbon monoxide:

• Carbon monoxide is a strong reducing agent.

• Carbon monoxide is used in the extraction of pure metals from their ores.

The answer is (d) Centrosome

The answer is (c) 50S
 

The answer is (a) Plastids

They are minute bodies which are bounded by single unit membrane. They are formed by ER and are of three types-

Spherosomes:

They are small spherical orgenelles found in the cytoplasm of plant cells. They are bounded by single membrane of lipoprotein. They are not found in animal cells. They are formed by ER. They synthesize and store lipids. Examples – Cells of cotyledons of mustard, groundnut, sesame etc. They are also called as oleosome. They were discovered by Perner (1953). Term sphaerosome was given by Dangeard (1919). Their diameter is about 0.5 to 2.5 micron.

Peroxisomes:

They were discovered by C. de Duve (1966-67). They are round & small orgenelles which are virtually found in all eukaryotes (All plant cells, liver & kidney cells of animals). They are abundance in photosynthetic cells of plants doing photo respiration. They are full of enzymes like oxidases, catalases which function like lysosome.

Functions :

(i) A major function of peroxisome is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids.
(ii) The process of photo respiration occurs jointly in peroxeosomes, chloroplasts & mitochondria.
(iii) In animal cells, they perform fat metabolism.
(iv) Their catalase enzyme degrades H₂O₂(hydrogen peroxide) released in metabolic activities.
(v) They minimize the effects of toxins in the cytoplasm.

Glycoxysomes:

They were discovered by Harry Beevers (1961). Normally, they are found in fat rich plant cells such as fat storage tissues of germinating seeds. Their enzymes initiate the breakdown of fatty acids to produce sugars (carbohydrate) by gluconeogenesis.In glycoxysomes, the fatty acids are oxidized to acetyl- COA by peroxisomal p-oxidation enzymes.They are absent in animal cells. They are minute orgenelles bounded by single unit membrane and perform glyoxylate cycle.

Carbon monoxide is produced by burning coal or wood in a limited supply of air. Since the gas is colorless and a barely detectable smell, people do not feel it and it can be proved as a silent killer.

The answer is Von Benden.

Willem Einthoven discovered ECG.

Food storage:

Stems are modified to perform different functions. Underground stems of potato, ginger, turmeric, zaminkand, colocasia are modified to store food in them. They also act as organs of perennation to tide over conditions unfavorable for growth.

Tendrils:

Stem tendrils which develop from axillary buds, are slender and spirally coiled and help plants to climb such as in gourds (cucumber, pumpkins, watermelon) and grapevines.

Thorns:

Axillary buds of stems may also get modified into woody, straight and pointed thorns. Thorns are found in many plants such as citrus, Bougainvillea. They protect plants from browsing animals. Some plants of arid regions modify their stems into flattened (opuntia), or fleshy cylindrical (Euphorbia) structures. They contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis.

Vegetative Reproduction:

Underground stems of some plants such as grass and strawberry, spread to new niches and when older parts die new plants are formed. In plants like mint and jasmine a slender lateral branch arises from the base of the main axis and after growing aerially for some time arch downwards to touch the ground. A lateral branch with short inter nodes and each node bearing a rosette of leaves and a tuft of roots is found in aquatic plants like Pistia and Eichhornia. In banana, pineapple, the lateral branches originate from the basal and underground portion of the main stem, grow horizontally beneath the soil and then come out obliquely upward giving rise to leafy shoots. 

Flower is the reproductive unit in angiosperms:

It is meant for sexual reproduction. A typical flower has four different kinds of whorls arranged successively on the swollen end of the stalk or pedicel, called thalamus or receptacle. These are calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.

Calyx: 

The calyx is the outermost whore of the flower and the members are called sepals. Generally, sepals are green leaf-like and protect the flower in the bud stage. The calyx may be gamosepalous (sepals united) or polysepalous (sepals free).

Corolla:

Corolla is composed of petals. Petals are usually brightly colored to attract insects for pollination may be free or united. The shape and colour of corolla vary greatly in plants. Corolla may be tubular, bellshaped, funnel-shaped or wheel-shaped.

Androecium:

Androecium is composed of stamens. Each stamen which represents the male reproductive organ consists of a stalk or a filament and an anther. Each anther is usually bilobed and each lobe has two chambers, the pollen sacs. The pollen grains are produced in pollen-sacs. When stamens are attached to petals, they are epipetalous as in brinjal or eptphyllous when attached to perianth as in the flowers of lily. The stamens may be united into one bundle (monoadelphous) as in China rose, or two bundles (diadelphous) as in pea, or into more than two bundles (polyadelphous) as in citrus.

Gynoecium:

Gynoecium is the female reproductive part of the flower and is made up of one or more carpels. A Carpel consists of three parts namely stigma, style, and ovary. Ovary is the enlarged basal part, on which lies the elongated tube, the style. The style connects the ovary to stigma. The stigma is usually at the tip of the style and is the receptive surface for pollen grains. Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached to a flattened, cushion-like placenta.

The flower is a reproductive part of an agiospermic plant. The flower serves the purpose of sexual reproduction. In a typical flower, there are four kinds of whorls. These whorls are successively arranged on the swollen end of the stalk or pedicel. 

The swollen end of the stalk is called thalamus or receptacle.

Whorls of Flower:

Calyx: The outermost whorl of a flower is called calyx. It is composed of sepals. Sepals are usually green and leaf-like structures. The sepals protect the flower during the bud stage. Calyx is called gamosepalous when sepals are united and is called polysepalous when sepals are free.

Corolla: The second whorl of a flower is called corolla. It is composed of petals. Petals are usually brightly coloured. The bright colours attract the insects and birds for pollination. Corolla is called gamopetalous when petals are united and is called polypetalous when petals are free. Corolla can be tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped or wheel-shaped. 

Androecium: The third whorl of a flower is called androecium. It is composed of stamens. A stamen is composed of a stalk and an anther. An anther is usually a bilobed structure. There are two chambers (pollen sacs) in each lobe of an anther. Pollen sacs produce pollen grains. A sterile stamen is called staminode.

Gynoecium: The central whorl of a flower is called gynoecium. It is composed of one or more carpels. A carpel is composed of three parts. The basal swollen portion is called ovary. The long tubular part over ovary is called style and the flat top at the style is called stigma. The style is the receptive surface for pollen grains. Each ovary bears one or more ovules which are attached to a flattened, cushion-like placenta.