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Larger program size:

Object-oriented programs typically involve more lines of code than procedural programs.

(क) आप क्या खाएँगे?

(ख) माँ ने पूछा, “नन्ही बेटी, तुम कहाँ रह गई थी?”

(ग) छिः ! कितना गंदा पानी है!

(घ) मेरी पुस्तक का नाम ‘रामायण’ है।

(च) वाह ! कितनी अच्छी किताब है!

(1) नंदन – वंदन, चंदन, क्रंदन, मंजन

(2) डाल – खाल, माल, भाल, लाल

(3) माली-खाली, प्याली, गाली, काली

(A) Narsinh Mehta

(B) Vallabhacharya

(d) Thanjavur

(b) Pandya country

1. Rajaraja 1 

2. Rajaraja 1

3. Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadayan 

4. eluttu-mandapam

(A) Raja Raja chola -1

Trishna and Vaasna are the causes of suffering according to Mahatma Buddha.

Correct Answer is: (d) Bodh Gaya

नदियाँ कहती हैं कि हम अपना पानी स्वयं नहीं पीतीं। पानी से भरी होकर भी हम प्यासी रहती हैं। हम सारी दुनिया को पानी देती हैं। हमारे पानी से खेत सींचे जाते हैं। नाविक हमारे पानी में नावें चलाते हैं। हम मनमाने ढंग से बहती हैं।

पर्वत कहते हैं कि हम पत्थरों के जंगल जैसे हैं। तन के साथ हमारा मन भी ऊँचा है। हमसे ही नदियाँ और झरनों का जन्म होता है। हम इस भूतल के रखवाले हैं।

चिड़िया की यह विशेषता है कि वह जरा भी आलस नहीं करती और हमेशा कुछ-न-कुछ करती रहती है।

चाँद का आकार कभी पतला, कभी मोटा और कभी गेंद की तरह गोल होता है।

दोनों हाथों की यह विशेषता है कि वे पक्के मित्र होकर भी आपस में कभी बातें नहीं करते।

Correct Answer is: (a) 622 BC

European trading companies were attracted to India because of a number of reasons:
(i) Trading with India was highly profitable and fruitful to the businessmen in Europe.
(ii) The European trading companies purchased goods at cheaper and sold them in Europe at the higher prices.
(iii) The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe.
(iv) Indian spices like – pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon were in great demand in Europe.

Indian cotton and silk was in great demand in Europe. Indian spices were also in great demand. Goods could be bought at cheaper rates from India and could be sold at higher rates in Europe. This prospect attracted the European trading companies to India.

1st – Rishabh Dev; 24th – Mahavir Swami.

(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century.

Ans.  False

(b) The English East India Company was the only European company that traded with India.

Ans.  False

(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab.

Ans.  True

(d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.

Ans.  False

Emperor Harshvardhana adopted various titles asParambhattarak, Maharajadhiraja, Sakalettaraishwara, Ekadhikara, Chakravarti, Sarvabhauma, Parmeshwara etc.

Nagananda, and Ratnavali.

Harsha was a great general, patron of art and literature and a charitable emperor like Karna in the Mahabharata. He tried to adapt his policies in accordance with the trends of that period. He was engaged in public welfare during his whole life. He oversaw his administrative system personally. Public welfare was the main objective of his rule.

He tourned extensively to control feudal powers and strengthened the central administration. He lent impetus to development through travel and charity. He made direct contact with his people. In this way Harsha motivated the forces of public welfare and production overtly as well as covertly.

During Harsha’s rule, Indian culture was promoted in Tibet-China and other Asian countries. He sent a delegation to China. He was the chief patron of Nalanda university. Many Gurukuls, Ashrams and centres of education including Vallabhi existed in his reign. His achievements.were extensive and multi – faceted. He was the supreme hero of Indian polity in the seventh century CE.

Harsha attempted to change the direction of an era and to create new trends. All the scholars praised him as a great warrior, empire maker, able administratior, benvolent and knowledge loving ruler. R. S. Tripathi compares him with Ashoka and Samudragupta. Thus due to his great deed, Harsha is called a great ruler.

Harsha organised an assembly at Kannauj in 643 CE. The objective of the assembly was to utilise Heium-Tsang’s presence to propagate and develop Buddhism in the country. Many rulers attended the assembly. 3000 Mahayana and Heenayana Buddhist monks, 3000 Brahmins and about 1000 Buddhist scholars from Nalanda university came to participate in the assembly.

This assembly continued for 23 days and Mahayana tenets were preached in it. Due to Harsha’s protection and efforts, Mahayana Buddhism spread out within and outside the country. He built Buddhist viharas and stupas and gave charity.

The weather is a complex phenomenon that can vary over very short periods of time.

(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of ___________.
Ans.  Plassey

(b) Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of ___________.
 Ans. Mysore

(c) Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of ____________.

Ans.  Lapse

(d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the __________ part of India.

Ans. South-Western

सही विकल्प है C. दस बार

पेड़ हमें अपने फल, फूल, जड़, छाल और बीज देकर सुखी बनाते हैं।

Fa – hien described India’s economic, religious, political and social conditions in great detail. He has written that the life of common people was simple and non – violent. Buddhism was prospering in bordering states, while it was losing its prominence in its major places of origin.

Religious quality existed in the society. The people were happy and taxes were not excessive. Penal system was lenient and crime was negligible. There was no fear of theives and robbers.

The king did not interfere in the personal matters of his subjects. Famous cities of Shravasti, Vaishali, Kaushambi were on a decline, and in their place, commercial cities like Ujjain, Kannauj etc. had become prosperous and trade was developed.

Answer:(a) → 2, (b) → 1, (c) → 4, (d) → 5, (e) → 3

1. The student can collect newspapers and compare the weather reports. 

2. The reports are found to differ slightly. 

3. As there is global warming, there is a change in the weather and is the reason for slight variations in the weather reports.

The subordinate rulers under Harsha assumed the titles of Bhupal, Kumara, Lokpal, Nripati, Samanta, Mahasmanta and Maharaja. These subordinate rulers paid taxes to Harsha, aided him militarily and attended his royal court. Harsha not only gave them protection but also adminstrative autonomy.

The main subordinate rulers were – Dhruvasena II of Vallabhi, Bhaskar – Varman of Kamarup, Purraveraman of Magadha, Udit of Jalandhar, and later Gupta ruler Madhavgupta.

In 606 CE, Harshvardhan became the ruler of Thaneshwar and reigned till 647 CE. He conquered almost whole or North India and expanded his empire. He firstly carried out campaigns against Gaure of Bengal, when Shashanka was its ruler. He defeated Vallabhi ruler Dhruvasena II Baladitya between 630 CE and 633 CE, which was a pre – stage of his war with the Chalukyas.

Later he forged marital relations with Vallabhi. During his reign of 41 years, Harsha annexed the distant land i.e., Jalandhar, Kashmir, Nepal, Vallabhi, Malwa, Sindh. Frontier regions and Assam- United provinces of Bihar, Bengal, Orissa, Central India and Rajputana were also under his rule.

नदी का पानी खेत सींचने, नाव चलाने तथा प्राणियों, पंछियों को पीने के काम आता है।

Harsha was a great patron of learning, education and religion. He spent half of his state revenue on preservation of religion, education, and literature. He convened a grand council in 643 CE at Kannauj. Buddhis, Brahmins, Jains and about 1000 Buddhist scholars from Nalanda university participated in this convention.

One – fourth of Harsha’s revenue was spent on intellectual persuits i.e., propagation of education and rewarding scholars. He gave his patronage to the author of ‘Mayurashatak? and ‘Suryashatak’, Maurya, the author of ‘Kadambari’ and ‘Harshcharita’-Banabhatta and also Bharathari, Matang, Devakar, etc. Harsha himself wrote, “Nagananda’,

‘Priyadarshika’, and ‘Ratnavali’ treatises. He gave away wealth and villages for spread of education. Nalanda university was the major centre of education. Harsha was the chief patron of Nalanda University. Vallabhi, many Gurukuls, Ashrams, and Viharas were other important centres of education. In this way Harsha attempted to raise the level of education and knowledge of his subjects.

Harsha patronised many scholars in the cause of knowledge and funded the spread of education. Therefore he is called a great preserver of religion and knowledge. All the scholars praised Harsha as a great warrior, empire – maker, able administrator, benevolent and knowledge loving ruler. In his time, the Vedas were recited orally and the Brahmi script was prevalent.

मनुष्य पहाड़ों को तोड़ सकता है। वह नदियों के बहाव मोड़ सकता है। वह मिट्टी से अमृत निकाल सकता है। वह धरती और आकाश को एक कर सकता है। इस प्रकार मनुष्य असंभव लगनेवाले काम भी कर सकता है।

मनुष्य की वाणी में बड़ी शक्ति है। वाणी के बल पर वह लोगों को प्रभावित कर सकता है। वह लोगों के विचार बदल सकता है। इस प्रकार अपनी वाणी के प्रभाव से मनुष्य युग का आह्वान कर सकता है।

सही विकल्प है B. हाल

During the Gupta period India had its trading relations with China, Sri Lanka, Persia, Arabia, Ethiopia, Byzantine (Roman Empire) and islands of Indian Ocean.

तरबूज बाहर से हरा और अंदर से लाल तथा रसभरा होता है।

सही विकल्प है A. पर्वत

द्रव में मिले विलेय अथवा अविलेय पदार्थों को द्रव से अलग करने को पृथक्करण कहते हैं।

(क) सही

(ख) सही

(ग) सही

(घ) गलत

खिड़कियाँ तथा दरवाज़े में।

(क) लोहा रबर की अपेक्षा अधिक कठोर है।
(ख) कार्क ऊष्मा का कुचालक है।
(ग) पारदर्शी पदार्थ वे होते हैं, जिनसे प्रकाश आर-पार जा सके।

क्योंकि लकड़ी ऊष्मा की कुचालक है।

सही विकल्प है (3) वाष्पन

बालू को निथारकर और नमक को वाष्पन द्वारा पृथक् करेंगे।

मोम तथा तारकोल।

Alkali Metals

Elements of group I A of the periodic table constitute a family of very reactive metals called alkali metals. They are lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and francium. All of them have one electron in the valence shell. They are called alkali metals because their hydroxides are strong alkalis. These metals are soft, light and easily fusible. In fact, sodium and potassium are lighter than water. At room temperature they readily get oxidised in air and so are preserved under kerosene in the laboratory.