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The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement:

Non- Cooperation Movement:

(i) The people were asked not to cooperate with the government.

(ii) Foreign goods were boycotted.

(iii) Liquor shops were picketed.

(iv) Foreign clothes were burnt in heaps.

(v) In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade on foreign goods or finance foreign traders.

(vi) Students left the government-owned schools and college.

(vii) Lawyers gave up legal practices.

Civil Disobedience Movement:

(i) People were asked to break colonial laws.

(ii) The countrymen broke the salt law.

(iii) Peasant refused to pay revenue and chaukidari tax.

(iv) Village officials resigned from their jobs.

(v) Forest people violated forest rules and laws

The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement:

Non- Cooperation Movement:

(i) The people were asked not to cooperate with the government.

(ii) Foreign goods were boycotted.

(iii) Liquor shops were picketed.

(iv) Foreign clothes were burnt in heaps.

(v) In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade on foreign goods or finance foreign traders.

(vi) Students left the government-owned schools and college.

(vii) Lawyers gave up legal practices.

Civil Disobedience Movement:

(i) People were asked to break colonial laws.

(ii) The countrymen broke the salt law.

(iii) Peasant refused to pay revenue and chaukidari tax.

(iv) Village officials resigned from their jobs.

(v) Forest people violated forest rules and laws.

(i) Image of Bharat Mata: The identity of nation was symbolised in an image. Rabindranath painted the famous image of Bharat-Mata. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism. 

(ii) Folklore: Nationalists toured villages to gather folk tales. These tales gave a true picture of one’s national identity and helped in restoring a sense of pride in one’s past. 

(iii) Icon and Symbols: Nationalist leaders used icons and symbols to unite the people and create in them a feeling of nationalism. 

Examples:

• During the Swedeshi movement a tri colour flag was designed. 

• In 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag carrying the flag during protest marches became a symbol of defiance.

(i) Image of Bharat Mata: The identity of nation was symbolised in an image. Rabindranath painted the famous image of Bharat-Mata. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism. 

(ii) Folklore: Nationalists toured villages to gather folk tales. These tales gave a true picture of one’s national identity and helped in restoring a sense of pride in one’s past. 

(iii) Icon and Symbols: Nationalist leaders used icons and symbols to unite the people and create in them a feeling of nationalism. 

Examples:

• During the Swedeshi movement a tri colour flag was designed. 

• In 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag carrying the flag during protest marches became a symbol of defiance.

(i) Reinterpretation of history was an important means to create a feeling of nationalism. 

(ii) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive.

(iii) In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. 

(iv) They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade flourished. 

(v) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline when India was colonised. 

(vi) These nationalist histories advocated the readers to be proud of India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule. 

(vii) A growing anger against the colonial government and hope of reviving the glorious past infused a strong sense of patriotism in Indians. 

(viii) They fought back for their rights and finally, in 1947 achieved it in form of independence and freedom from British Raj.

Ecosystem : All organisms influence one another and along with this, they influence the environment and get influenced by it. By this, a complex system of relationship is created between the organism and its environment. This mutual inter-relationship of biological and non-biological environmental factors is called ecosystem. In other words ecosystem is created, by the inter-relationship of biological and non-biological actors.

Environment : The word environment is derived from the French word environ (which means surrounding). Everything surrounds us is called environment, which consists of both biological and non-biological materials. Difference : Ecosystem describes the inter-relationship between biological and non-biological factors of the environment while the environment deals with biological and non-biological factors separately.

Prints and symbols played a vital role in evoking the feeling of nationalism, unity and sense of collective belonging. Symbols in figures or images helped people to identify the nation. Keeping the same in mind, the image of Bharat Mata was created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Afterwards Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. He made it an ascetic figure—calm, composed, divine and spiritual. The image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

(i) Reinterpretation of history was an important means to create a feeling of nationalism. 

(ii) The British saw Indians as backward and primitive.

(iii) In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. 

(iv) They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade flourished. 

(v) This glorious time, in their view, was followed by a history of decline when India was colonised. 

(vi) These nationalist histories advocated the readers to be proud of India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under British rule. 

(vii) A growing anger against the colonial government and hope of reviving the glorious past infused a strong sense of patriotism in Indians. 

(viii) They fought back for their rights and finally, in 1947 achieved it in form of independence and freedom from British Raj.

(i) The business class was led by prominent industrialists like Purushottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla. 

(ii) These industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. 

(iii) Most business men came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints. In this way, the business class gave a big boost the civil Disobedience Movement.

(i) The business class was led by prominent industrialists like Purushottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla. 

(ii) These industrialists attacked colonial control over the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. 

(iii) Most business men came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints. 

In this way, the business class gave a big boost the civil Disobedience Movement.

The main features of 'Poona Pact' were :

(i) The Poona Pact (September 1932) gave Depressed Classes (later to be known as Scheduled Caste) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.
(ii) They were to be voted in by, the general electorate.
(iii) Act came into force due to Gandhiji's fast unto death.
(iv) Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji's stand.

The events that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement include :

(i) The arrival of Simon Commission consisting of all British members, in 1928 and their report.
(ii) Successful peasant movement in Bardoli, Meerut and Lahore conspiracy cases in 1929.
(iii) Lahore session of Congress in1929.
(iv) Nehru report in respect of Indian Constitution.
(v) Demonstrators being brutally assaulted in anti-Simon Commission agitation.
Industrialists supported this movement because :
During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful. Keen on expanding their business, they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.

In Madras, Natesa Sastri worked for the revival of folk culture. 

1. He published a four-volume collection of Tamil fold tales. 
2. The collection was titled The Folklore of Southern India. 
3. According to him, “the folklore was the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics”. 

Natesa Sastri also stated that the folklore was national literature.

(i) The Indian political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because they believed that separate electorates would slow down the process of their integration into society. 

(ii) In 1930, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, President of the Muslim League, re-stated the importance of separate electorates for the Muslims as an important safeguard for their minority political interests. 

(iii) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for dalits. When the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhi’s position.

Political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates because of differences in opinion. While those supporting the cause of minorities and the dalits believed that only political empowerment would resolve their social backwardness, others like Gandhi ji thought that separate electorates would further slow down the process of their integration into society. Also, it was feared that the system of separate electorates would gradually divide the country into numerous fragments because every community or class would then ask for separate representations.

Gandhiji believed that the grant of separate electorates would weaken the national movement and slow down the process of integration of dalits into the mainstream of society.

Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Salt March accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The March was over 240 miles and volunteers walked for 24 days. On 6th April, 1930, they reached Dandi and ceremonially violated the salt law and manufactured salt by boiling sea water. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movements in the following manners:

Workers interpreted the term ‘Swaraj’ in their own way. They have their own views regarding Mahatma Gandhi and about Swaraj. For example – Plantation workers in Assam expected that freedom would ultimately allow them to move freely anywhere and establish a connection with their village. 

The conditions of the plantation workers during colonial rule were as follows: 

• Inland Emigration Act of 1859 didn’t permit plantation workers to leave the tea gardens without permission. 

• As a result, thousands of workers refused to obey what authorities said, left the plantations and went home. They did this because they came to know about the Non-Cooperation Movement and believed that Gandhi Raj would give the land in their own villages. However, in midway only they were stopped by the police and brutally beaten up. 

• Workers thought that time would come when their all troubles and sufferings would come to an end. Plantation workers became emotionally connected to allIndia agitation when they were chanting Gandhiji’s name and demanded ‘Swatantra Bharat’. 

• They associated the movement with that of the Congress and in the name of Mahatma Gandhi which went beyond the limits.

Salt was the daily used product of everyone’s life, Gandhiji considered it as a powerful symbol that could unite the nation. He sent the letter to Lord Irwin stating 11 demands on 31 January 1930. The demands were of general interest and other specific demands of different classes like Industrialists and peasants. The motive was to fulfil such demands so that people of all classes could relate to it and come together for the campaign. 

One such demand was the abolition of the salt tax, as salt was something which was consumed by the rich as well as by the poor people and is the most essential food item. The imposition of the salt tax and government’s monopoly over its production was the unfair practice of the Britishers against Indians. 

The letter stated that if the demands were not fulfilled by 11th March, they would launch the Civil Disobedience movement. As Irwin refused to negotiate, Mahatma Gandhi with his 78 trusted volunteers started the salt march. The march started from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati and ended in Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. It was total 240 miles; volunteers walked for 24 days and covered about 10 miles a day. While he was walking, he met people at every stop made them understand what Swaraj meant and requested for peaceful refusal of the British rule. Finally, on 6th April, he reached Dandi and successfully violated the law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. 

This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience movement by Mahatma Gandhi.

सही विकल्प है (A) 4

सही विकल्प है (C) 7

The ‘Civil code of 1804’ of France is also known with the name ‘Napoleonic code.’ It is because it contains such rights ordered by Napoleon such as equality before the law, right to property, simplification of the administrative system, restrictions on guild was removed, the feudal system was abolished, etc.

The Salt March was an effective tool of resistance against British colonial power. 

1. Mahatma Gandhi was very much against the levy of tax on salt and monopoly of the Government over its production. 

2. He felt that salt was the essential food item having no disparity between the rich and the poor. 

3. Hence, he stated that it was an atrocity of British power. 

4. He decided to launch a movement to exempt salt from tax. 

5. Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy was sent a letter from Gandhiji stating eleven demands. 

6. The Primary demand was to withdraw the tax on salt and make it tax-free. 

7. Since the British side showed reluctance, Gandhi started the salt march. 

8. It was called as Dandi March, where he walked 240 miles from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. 

9. He was accompanied by about seventy-eight followers. 

10. After reaching Dandi, the coastal town, he boiled sea water and manufactured salt, thus violating the salt law. 

11. By this, he persuaded people to break colonial laws and started Non-cooperation movement against the British power. 

This Dandi March or the Salt March, thus, can be rightly said as the first powerful protest against the British.

The Salt March was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because it was done in revolt against a commodity—salt, used by the rich and the poor alike. The tax on salt, and the government monopoly over its production was a severely oppressive administrative move. The Salt March was effective also because Gandhi ji met a large number of commoners during the march and he taught them the true meaning of swaraj and non-violence. By peacefully defying a law and making salt against government orders, Gandhi ji set forth an example to the whole nation of how the oppressor could be confronted in a non-violent manner. This also led to the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930

Salt became an effective tool of resistance against colonialism because of the following reasons: 

• Gandhiji found in salt a powerful bond that would unite the nations as it – was consumed by all rich and poor alike. 
• Gandhiji’s letter to Viceroy Irwin stated eleven demands. Most of them were of general interest but the most stirring was to abolish the salt tax imposed by the colonial government. 
• Irwin’s unwillingness to negotiate forced Gandhiji to start his salt March which was joined by thousands. It developed the feeling of nationalism. 
•  People in different parts of the country broke salt law and manufactured salt and demonstrated infront of government salt factories. 
• People unitedly followed Gandhiji’s words. They refused to pay taxes, revenues, picketed liquor shops, boycotted foreign clothes, resigned from government jobs violated forest laws. 

(c) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

In place of ‘Federal’, “Union of States” phrase has been used in Indian constitution.

It was a process by which the colonial state forced people, especially the people belonging to rural areas, to join the army.

It was associated with the breaking of salt law.

सही विकल्प है (D) सुरेन्द्रनगर

British economic policies in India had deliberately transformed India into an agricultural colony. India had become a supplier of British raw materials and a market for British manufactured products.

The central government has been given the residual powers.

Ambedkar gave the call education, Association and Agitation for the upliftment of Dalits.

Prof B. Krishnappa became the State Convener of the Samithi.

1. Modem Indian nationalism arose to meet the challenge of Foreign domination. 

2. Exploitation of India by the British was direct and harsh before 1857; after 1857 it became subtle and systematic. 

3. The Kukas Rebellion was an armed rebellion of the Sikhs against the British policy of divide and rule. 

4. The English language acted as a link language among the educated Indians.

5. A.O. Hume laid the foundation of the Indian National Congress in December 1885.

The demand of Purna Swaraj or complete independence for India was made in this session.

Lord Ripon approved the Ilbert Bill.

1. The Governor appoints the Chief Minister. 

2. Prepares the details of each financial year and presents it in the assembly.

These organizations get their grant from the state government.

The Governor.

The Governor constitutes the Finance Commission in the state.

The Chief Minister.

The Chief Minister is the leader of the Council of Ministers.

91st amendment of the constitution fixes the number of the state council of Ministers at maximum 15 per cent of the total number of the members of the assembly.

One of the serious problems that India is facing is regionalism. A strong feeling of people in favour of the local area in which they live is called regionalism. It helps the people to take initiative for all-round progress of the local areas. But the extreme regionalism harms the national unity and interest. Locally centred emotional attachment is an obstacle to overall national growth. If extreme regionalism among the states is allowed to continue it will cause serious disputes among states. It leads to unhealthy development of the country.

Chipko movement began in 2-3 villages of Uttarakhand.