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Ovule after fertilization becomes a seed.

Turpentine is got from Pinus. 

Type of vegetative reproduction seen in ulothrix is fragmentation.

Stone wort refers to Chara. 

(c) Zoospores 

Scalariform conjugation is seen in Zygnema.

The presence of cap cell is characteristic of Oedogonium. 

A unicellular form in Red algae Porphyridium. 

The father of algae is Fritsch.

1. Camel lives in a desert easily due to following adaptations. It has long legs and cushioned soles which keep the body of camel above the sand and cushioned soles do not allow to sink in sand while walking. 

2. The nostrils are protected by folds of skin. 

3. The eyelashes are long and thick. 

4. It has hump which stores fats so it helps camel to survive in desert for many days without food and water.

Due to above adaptations camel is used to carry people and transport goods from one place to another place in the desert. Therefore, camel is called the ship of the desert.

Algae consist of thallus like plant body.

Anthrax is a disease affecting animals.

Chlorella is a unicellular alga.

• He is the father of Indian Palaeobotany.
• He described Fossils plants from Rajmahal Hills of Eastern Bihar.
• He described many form genera.
• Eg : Pentoxylon sahni , Nipanioxylon.

A marine cyanobacterial species Trichodesmium. 

The plants like cactus and acacia live in deserts with scarce water due to the following adaptations.

1. Leaves are like small needles or have been modified into thorns, as a result they lose very little water by evaporation. 

2. The stem stores water and food so it is fleshy. 

3. The stems are green as they perform photosynthesis in the absence of leaves. 

4. Their roots penetrate deep into the soil in search of water. 

5. There is a thick layer of a waxy substance on the stems.

Charles Darwin, a biologist suggested two principles in his theory of evolution.

1. Theory of survival of the fittest: He said that only those organisms are likely to survive which can best adapt themselves to a changing environment. This is called the theory of survival of the fittest. 

2. Theory of ‘Natural selection’: If an organism is bom with a new beneficial characteristic and is able to survive, this change is preserved in the next generation. This is called the theory of ‘natural selection’.

1. The air spaces in stems and petioles of aquatic plants are useful for making them float in water and also to prevent them from rotting 

2. Hence, the lotus stalk has holes or air spaces.

The answer is (C) Diener

Kho-Kho : Kho-Kho is a tag sport from the Indian Sub-continent. Each team consists of twelve players, but only nine players take the field for a contest, who try to avoid being touched by members of the opposing team. It is one of the most popular traditional tag game, apart from Kabaddi. The origin of Kho-Kho is difficult to trace, but man historians believe, that it is a modified form of ‘Run Chase’, which in its simplest form, means¬chasing and touching a person.

Polo : Polo is a team sport played on the horse back. The objective is to score goals against an opposing team. Players score by driving a small white plastic or wooden ball into the opposing team’s goal using a long-handled mallet. The traditional sport of polo is played on a grass field upto 300 by 160 yards. Each polo team consists of four riders and their mounts.

(i) True 

(ii) True

(iii) False 

(iv) False

1. The teams that play cricket at national and International level today do not represent religions and races but regions and nationalities like in today’s Ranji Trophy the Pentangular in colonial

India was replaced by a rival tournament, the ‘National Cricket Championship’ later named the

2. Ranji Trophy. Cricket fans know that watching a match involves taking sides. In a Ranji Trophy match when Delhi plays Mumbai, the loyalty of spectators watching the match depends on which city they came from or support.

3. Earlier teams were not organised on geographical principles. It was not till 1932 that a national team was given the right to represent India in Test match.

1. The origin of Indian cricket is to be found in Bombay and the first community to start playing it were the Zoroastrians, the Parsis. Other religious communities soon followed.

2. By the 1890s, Hindus and Muslims were busy raising funds for a Hindu and a Muslim gymkhana. The British did not consider colonial India as a nation. They saw it as a collection of castes, races and religions.

3. The history of gymkhana cricket led to first-class cricket being organised on communal and racial lines.

4. These teams did not represent regions (as teams in today’s Ranji Trophy do) but religious communities.

5. The tournament was initially called the Quadrangular because it was played by four teams: the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims. Later it became Pentangular when a fifth team “The Rest’’ was added. It comprised all the communities leftover such as the Indian Christians.

The pentangular tournament was based on religious communities. The five teams were: the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus, the Muslims and the Rest. India's most popular and respected politician, Mahatma Gandhi, condemned the pentangular tournament as a communally divisive competition. This was out of place in a time when nationalists were trying to unite India's diverse population. This tournament would have negative effect on the national movement.

(i) The rich who could afford to play cricket for pleasure were called Amateurs and the poor who played it for a living were called Professionals.

(ii) The wages of Professionals were paid by patronage or subscription or gate money. The Amateurs were not paid at all.

(iii) Amateurs were called Gentlemen while Professionals were described as players.

(iv) Amateurs tended to be batsmen whereas Professionals tended to be bowlers.

The rich cricket were pleasure called Amateurs.

Cricket’s connection with a rural past can be seen in the length of a Test match. Originally, cricket matches had no time limit. The game went on for as long as it took to bowl out a side twice. The rhythms of village life were slower and cricket’s rules were made before the Industrial Revolution. 

In the same way, cricket’s vagueness about the size of a cricket ground is a result of its village origins. Cricket was originally played on country commons, unfenced land that was public property. The size of the ‘commons’ varied from one village to another, so there were no designated boundaries or boundary hits. ….Continue next answer

1. The technology of satellite television and the worldwide reach of multi-national television companies created a global market for cricket.

2. This simple fact was brought to its logical conclusion by globalisation. Since India had the largest viewership for the game among the cricket-playing nations and the largest market in the cricketing world, the game's centre of gravity shifted to South Asia.

3. This shift was symbolised by the shifting of the ICC headquarters from London to tax-free Dubai.

India entered the world of Test cricket in 1932, a decade and a half before it became an independent nation. This was possible because Test cricket from its origins in 1877 was organized as a contest between different parts of the British Empire, not sovereign nations. 

The first Test was played between England and Australia when Australia was still a white settler colony, not even a self-governing dominion. Similarly, the small countries of the Caribbean that together make up the West Indies team were British colonies till well after the Second World War.

Kerry Packer, an Australian television tycoon who saw the moneymaking potential of cricket as a televised sport, signed up fifty-one of the world’s leading cricketers. Packer drove home the lesson that cricket was a marketable game, which could generate huge revenues. Television channels made money by selling television spots to companies who were happy to pay large sums of money to telecast commercials for their products to cricket’s captive television audience. 

Television coverage changed cricket. It expanded the audience for the game by beaming cricket into small towns and villages. It also broadened cricket’s social base. Children who had never previously had the chance to watch international cricket because they lived outside the big cities, where top-level cricket was played, could now watch and learn by imitating their heroes.

The technology of satellite television and the world wide reach of multi-national television companies created a global market for cricket. Coloured dress, protective helmets, field restrictions, cricket under lights, became a standard part of the post-Packer game.

The colonial flavour of world cricket during the 1950s and 1960s can be seen from the fact that England and the other white commonwealth countries, Australia and New Zealand, continued to play Test cricket with South Africa, a racist state that practiced a policy of racial segregation which, among other things, barred non-whites (who made up the majority of South Africa’s population) from representing that country in Test matches. Test-playing nations like India, Pakistan and the West Indies boycotted South Africa, but they did not have the necessary power in the ICC to debar that country from Test cricket. That only came to pass when the political pressure to isolate South Africa applied by the newly decolonized nations of Asia and Africa combined with liberal feeling in Britain and forced the English cricket authorities to cancel a tour by South Africa in 1970. 

After Indian independence kick-started the disappearance of the British Empire. The supremacy of Britain on Cricket ended later. The regulation of international cricket remained the business of the Imperial Cricket Conference ICC. The ICC, renamed the International Cricket Conference as late as 1965, which was dominated by its foundation members, England and Australia, which retained the right of veto over its proceedings. But in 1989 there was a demand for equal membership in ICC. 

(d) reproductively isolated

The rich who could afford to play it for pleasure were called amateurs and the poor who played it for a living were called professionals. 

The rich were amateurs for two reasons. One, they considered sport a kind of leisure. To play for the pleasure of playing and not for money was an aristocratic value. Two, there was not enough money in the game for the rich to be interested. The wages of professionals were paid by patronage or subscription or gate money. The game was seasonal and did not offer employment the year round. Most professionals worked as miners or in other forms of working class employment in winter, the off-season. 

Thomas Hughes

End of 19th century, West Indies

There was a quarrel between the Bombay Gymkhana, a whites-only club, and Parsi cricketers over the use of a public park. The Parsis complained that the park was left unfit for cricket because the polo ponies of the Bombay Gymkhana dug up the surface. The rivalry between the Parsis and the racist Bombay Gymkhana had a happy ending for these pioneers of Indian cricket. A Parsi team beat the Bombay Gymkhana at cricket in 1889.  

The squirrel is a rodent. It is grey in colour with brown strips on its back. it is very small in size with fur on its body and a large bushy tail. It generally lives in trees and likes to eat nuts. It is a playful and naughty animal.

Playing cricket was a manifestation by the elites of aping their colonial masters. Hence, cricket became popular in British colonies; like India and the West Indies. South America was never under the British rule and hence cricket could not become popular in South American countries.

Many important changes occurred during the nineteenth century:

(i) The rule about wide balls was applied.

(ii) The exact circumference of the ball was specified.

(iii) Protective equipment like pads and gloves became available.

(iv) Boundaries were introduced were previously all shots had to be run.

(v) Overarm bowling became legal.

Parsis were in close contact with the British because of their interest in trade. They ; were the first Indian community to westernise and went up taking up the game of cricket.

hockey, polo, squash, golf.

The things which are necessary for playing the game are game’s (cricket) ‘equipment’. Like in cricket, ball, bat, wicket, helmets, gloves, pads are the required things to play the game.

The conversion of USA countryside from a bread basket to a dust bowl teaches the importance of conservation of the ecosystem. Human development cannot take place at the cost of natural environment.

Cricket is played and watched in former British colonies. It is not played in communist countries like China and Russia, so it has less viewership there. India is one of the oldest cricket playing nation which further adds to its large viewership in the country.

Sport is a large part of contemporary life- it is one way in which we amuse ourselves, compete with each other, stay fit, and express our social loyalties. 

The Parsis were the first Indian community to set up a cricket club in India.  mThe Parsis were rich businessmen and were the first to ape the western lifestyle. Hence, they were the first Indian community to set up a cricket club in India.
Mahatma Gandhi condemned the Pentangular tournament. The Pentagular tournament was a contest among teams which were formed on communal lines. Hence, Mahatma Gandhi condemned this tournament.
The name of the ICC was changed from the Imperial Cricket Conference to the International Cricket Conference.
The term ‘Imperial’ in the earlier version carried the connotations of the colonial period and hegemony. When other cricket playing nations grew in prominence, the name was changed to International Cricket Conference in 1965.
The shift of the ICC headquarters from London to Dubai.
The ICC headquarters were shifted from London to Dubai mainly to shift the office to a tax-free destination. Many cricket playing nations did not have double taxation treaty with England. So, shifting the HQs was a purely commercial decision. Some analysts also see it as a symbolic shift of power from Europe to Asia.

1. peculiarities
2. curious characteristic

One of the peculiarities of Test cricket is that a match can go on for five days and still end in a draw. No other modern team sport takes even half the time to complete. Another curious characteristic of cricket is that the length of the pitch is specified – 22 yards – but the size or shape of the ground is not. Most other team sports, such as hockey and football lay down the dimensions of the playing area: cricket does not. Grounds can be oval like the Adelaide Oval or nearly circular, like Chepauk in Chennai.