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Every country that gives rights to its citizens is a democracy.

1993 was the NHRC set up.

All citizens irrespective of caste, colour, region, religion ethnicity, sex or place of birth are equal before the law. There shall be no discrimination against any citizen. All citizens shall have equal opportunity in matters of employment. This is what the 'Right to Equality' means.

Certain rights like right to freedom of press, right to information, and right to education are derived from the Fundamental Rights. Recently school education has become a right for Indian citizens. Parliament has passed a law giving the right to information to the citizens. Under the direction of the Supreme Court, right to life now includes the right to food. Right to property is not a Fundamental Right but it is a legal right. Right to vote in elections is an important constitutional right.

1. The scope of rights has been expanding and new rights are evolving over time. They are the result of the struggle of the people. New rights emerge as societies develop or as new constitutions are made.

The constitution of South Africa guarantees its citizens several kinds of new rights.

2. Right to privacy, so that citizens or their home cannot be searched, their phones cannot be tapped, their communication cannot be opened.

3. Right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being.

4. Right to have access to adequate housing.

5. Right to have access to health care services, sufficient food and water; no one can be refused emergency medical treatment.

The National Human Right Commission is an independent commission, set up by the law in the year 1993.

Civil Rights are given to the individual by the state.

1. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) focuses on helping the victims secure their human rights. These include all the rights granted to the citizens by the constitution. For NHRC human rights also include the rights mentioned in the UN-sponsored international treaties that India has signed.

2. The NHRC cannot by itself punish the guilty – that is the responsibility of the courts. The NHRC makes an independent and credible inquiry into any case of violation of human rights.

3. The commission presents its findings and recommendations to the government or intervenes in the court on behalf of the victims.

4. Like any court, it can summon witnesses, question any government official, demand any official paper, visit any prison for inspection or send its own team for on-the-spot inquiry.

(i) The law applies to all citizens irrespective of his status (The Rule of Law).

(ii) The government shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds of religion, caste ethnicity, sex or place of birth.

(iii) All citizens have equality of opportunity in matters of employment.

The state has no religion of its own

(i) A person who is arrested and detained in custody will have to be informed of the reasons for such arrest.

(ii) Such a person shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours of arrest.

(iii) Such a person has the right to consult a lawyer or engage a lawyer for his defence.

Rule of law is correct for the feature of the Indian constitution stating that no person is above the law.

1. A secular state is one that does not confer any privilege or favour on any particular religion. It does not punish or discriminate against people on the basis of religion they follow.

2. It implies that the government cannot compel any person to pay any taxes for the promotion or maintenance of a particular religion or religious institution.

3. There shall be no religious instruction in the government educational institutions. In private institutions, no person can be compelled to take part in a religious activity. A secular state is one that does not establish any one religion as official religion.

4. Indian secularism practises an attitude of principled and equal distance from all religions. The Preamble to Indian Constitution declares India to be a secular nation. There is no official religion in India. The Indian state is neutral and impartial in dealing with all religions.

5. Right to freedom of religion is a Fundamental Right. Every citizen of India has a right to profess, practise and propagate the religion he/she believes in. Every religious group or sect is free to manage its religious affairs.

(i) You cannot use your Right to Freedom to incite people to rebel against government or to defame others.

(ii) We can hold meetings but peacefully.

(iii) We cannot carry weapons while participating in a procession or a meeting.

1. Freedom of speech is one of the essential features of any democracy.

2. Our ideas and personality develop only when we are able to freely communicate with others. You may disagree with a policy of government, you are free to criticise the government.

3. You may publicise your views through pamphlet, magazine or newspaper. However, you cannot use this freedom to instigate violence against others.

4. You cannot incite people to rebel against the government, nor can you use it to defame others by saying false and mean things that cause damage to a person's reputation. This is called freedom of speech with qualifications.

1. These reservations are not against the Right to Equality.

2. In a broader sense, equality does mean giving everyone the same treatments, no matter what they need.

3. Equality means giving everyone an equal opportunity to achieve whatever one is capable of. Sometimes, it is necessary to give job reservations to socially and economically backward sections of the society to ensure equal opportunity.

4. The constitution says that reservations of this kind are not a violation of the Right to Equality.

Under the Right to Freedom, the Indian constitution guarantees six freedoms. These are:

(i) Freedom of speech and expression

(ii) Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms

(iii) Freedom to form associations and unions

(iv) Freedom to move freely throughout the country

(v) Freedom to reside in any part of the country and,

(vi) Freedom to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.

All citizens will be provided with equal opportunity in matters of employment.

Fundamental Rights

37/3 sq. units

1 ≤ |x - 2| and |x - 2| ≤ 3 

When, 

|x - 2| ≥ 1 

Then, 

x – 2 ≤ -1 and x -2 ≥ 1 

Now when, 

x – 2 ≤ - 1 

Adding 2 to both the sides in above equation 

x – 2 + 2 ≤ -1 + 2 

x ≤ 1 

Now when, 

x – 2 ≥ 1 

Adding 2 to both the sides in above equation 

x – 2 + 2 ≥ 1 + 2 

x ≥ 3 

For |x – 2| ≥ 1: x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 3 

When, 

|x - 2| ≤ 3 

Then, 

x – 2 ≥ - 3 and x – 2 ≤ 3 

Now when, 

x – 2 ≥ -3 

Adding 2 to both the sides in above equation 

x – 2 + 2 ≥ -3 + 2 x ≥ -1 

Now when, 

x – 2 ≤ 3 

Adding 2 to both the sides in above equation 

x – 2 + 2 ≤ 3 + 2 

x ≤ 5 

For |x – 2| ≤ 3: x ≥ -1 or x ≤ 5 

Combining the intervals: 

x ≤ 1 or x ≥ 3 and x ≥ -1 or x ≤ 5 

Merging the overlapping intervals: 

-1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and 3 ≤ x ≤ 5 

Therefore, 

x ϵ [-1 ,1] Ս [3, 5]

Given: 

Cost function C(x) = 25000 + 30x 

Revenue function R(x) = 43x 

To Find: 

Number of cassettes to be sold to realize some profit In order, to gain profit: R(x) > C(x) 

Therefore, 

43x > 25000 + 30x 25000 + 30x < 43x 

Subtracting 30x from both the sides in above equation 

25000 + 30x – 30x < 43x – 30x 

25000 < 13x 

Dividing both the sides by 13 in above equation

\(\frac{25000}{13}< \frac{13{\text{x}}}{13}\)

1923.07 < x 

Thus, we can say that 1923 cassettes must be sold by the company in order to realize some profit.

(c) 8

Because,

= (x-1) / (x +1) = (7/9)

By cross multiplication,

= 9 × (x-1) = 7 × (x +1)

= 9x -9 = 7x + 7

= 9x -7x = 9 + 7

= 2x = 16

= x = (16/2)

= x = 8

Let the pair of consecutive even positive integers be x and x + 2. 

So, it is given that both the integers are greater than 8 

Therefore, 

x > 8 and x + 2 > 8

When, 

x + 2 > 8 

Subtracting 2 from both the sides in above equation 

x + 2 – 2 > 8 – 2 

x > 6 

Since x > 8 and x > 6 

Therefore, 

x > 8 

It is also given that sum of both the integers is less than 25 

Therefore, 

x + (x + 2) < 25 

x + x + 2 < 25 

2x + 2 < 25 

Subtracting 2 from both the sides in above equation 

2x + 2 – 2 < 25 – 2 

2x < 23 

Dividing both the sides by 2 in above equation

\(\frac{2{\text{x}}}{2}< \frac{23}{2}\)

x < 11.5 

Since x > 8 and x < 11.5 

So, the only possible value of x can be 10 

Therefore, x + 2 = 10 + 2 = 12 

Thus, the required possible pair is (10, 12).

(d) 44

Because,

Let the two consecutive even numbers be x and (x +2)

= x + (x+2) = 86

= x + x + 2 = 86

= 2x + 2 = 86

= 2x = 86 – 2

= 2x = 84

= x = 84/2

= x = 42

The larger number is (x +1) = 42 +2 = 44

(c) 1/2

Because,

= 8(2x – 5) – 6 (3x – 7) = 1

= 16x -40 – 18x + 42 = 1

= -2x +2 = 1

= 2-1 = 2x

= 1 = 2x

= x = (1/2)

Let the three consecutive numbers be 2x, (2x+2) and (2x+4)

According to the question we can write as 2x+2x+2+2x+4=234

On simplifying we get 6x+6=234

On rearranging we get

6x=234-6

6x=228

x=228/6=38

So the numbers are (2x) = 76

(2x+2)=78

(2x+4)=80

(d) 30

Because,

= (x/2)-1 = (x/3) +4

= (x/2) – (x/3) = 4 +1

= (3x-2x)/6 = 5

= x/6 =5

= x = 30

Correct option is C) 9/2

Correct option is (C) 9/2

\(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{1}{4}=\frac{x}{3}+\frac{1}{2}\)

\(\Rightarrow\) \(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{x}{3}=\frac{1}{2}-(-\frac{1}{4})=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}\)

\(\Rightarrow\) \(\frac{3x-2x}{6}=\frac{2+1}{4}\)

\(\Rightarrow\) \(\frac{x}{6}=\frac{3}{4}\)

\(\Rightarrow\) \(x=\frac34\times6=\frac92.\)

Correct option is  D) 2

Correct option is (D) 2

\(\frac{5x+2}{2x+3}=\frac{12}{7}\)

\(\Rightarrow\) 7(5x+2) = 12(2x+3)

\(\Rightarrow\) 35x + 14 = 24x + 36

\(\Rightarrow\) 35x - 24x = 36 - 14

\(\Rightarrow\) 11x = 22

\(\Rightarrow\) x = \(\frac{22}{11}\) = 2.

Correct option is (D) 8 or -9

Let consecutive numbers are x and x+1.

\(\therefore\) x(x+1) = 72    (Given)

\(\Rightarrow\) \(x^2+x-72=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\) \(x^2+9x-8x-72=0\)

\(\Rightarrow\) x(x+9) - 8(x+9) = 0

\(\Rightarrow\) (x-8) (x+9) = 0

\(\Rightarrow\) x - 8 = 0 or x+9 = 0

\(\Rightarrow\) x = 8 or x = -9.

Correct option is  D) 8 or -9

Growth can be defined as permanent, irreversible increase in the bulk of an organism with change in form.

Ammonia may be absorbed by amino acids to produce amides. This process is called amidation.

Water maintains turgidity of the cell and is chief component of protoplasm as well as it is a medium for various biochemical reactions.

Oxygen is required for respiration of cells and release of energy for the process of growth.

Steel and cast iron are examples of interstitial compounds of carbon and iron.

Skin has two layers :
(i) The outer layer called Epidermis and (ii) The inner layer called Dermis.
Thousand of cells are formed from the inner layer of epidermis. These cells come to the outer surface and die. Everyday we wipe off lakhs of these cells with clothes or towel. Dermis is made of connective tissues. It has many small and big vessels.

Blood consists of the following constituents:

1. Plasma
2. White corpuscles
3. Red corpuscles
4. Platelets.

Plasma: It is a yellow transparent liquid. It also contains salt. Red and white corpuscles float in the plasma. Red corpuscles are dislike in shape. The span of life of a red blood corpuscles is about 4 months. It is produced in bone marrow and ends in spleen. The chief function of white blood corpuscles is to protect the body against the invading external germs. These cells are colourless and change their shape. They are bigger and smaller in number as compared to red corpuscles. Blood platelets are meant for blood clotting.

Types of Muscles

Muscles are of the following three types :

1. Voluntary or Striped Muscles.
2. Involuntary or Unstriped Muscles.
3. Cardiac Muscles.

1. Voluntary or Striped Muscles:
The muscles which work according to one’s will are known as voluntary or striped muscles. These muscles are related to our brain: Among these types of muscles are those of hands, legs, neck, the upper part of the abdomen, etc. With continuous work these muscles are prone to fatigue. These muscles continue to work on the received message, and provide movement to the body, keep the body safe and produce heat in the body.

2. Involuntary or Unstriped Muscles:
Involuntary muscles are those which are not controlled by one’s will or desire. They continue to work unintendedly. Such muscles are found in heart, liver, intestines, etc. They continue to function even when one is asleep. They help in the functioning of blood circulation and digestion. Their chief characteristics are contraction, expansion and flexibility.

3. Cardiac Muscles.
Muscles of heart are a mixture of the first two types of muscles. But they are not under one’s control.

Correct option  (C)

Explanation:

Producer gas is a mixer of flammable gases (CO and H₂) and non-flammable gases (N₂ and CO₂).

ln a nuclear reactor, the moderator is either heavy water or graphite etc. Speed on wind required for wind will is more than 15 km h^-1.

Correct answer is: Mass

Communication is the process of conveying messages to others. With the development of technology, humans have devised new and fast models of communication such as radio, television and the internet.

(a) Railways carry heavy goods and people over long distances quickly and cheaply.
(b) The railway network is more spreadout and hence, more areas are accessible.

The activities practised by the rural people are agriculture,fishing, forestry, crafts work and trading etc.

Mass media is the means by which communication can be established with a large number of people at one time. Newspapers, radio and television are popular means of mass media.

Settlements are places where people build their homes. They may be temporary or permanent.

(i) The four means of transport are:

• Roadways
• Airways
• Railways
• Waterways