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(a) H₃PO₄ → H⁺ + H₂PO₄^2- (Dihydrogen Phosphate ion) 

H₂PO₄^- → H⁺ + HPO₄^2-  (Hydrogen Phosphate ion)

HPO₄^2- → H⁺ + PO₄^3- (Phosphate ion) 

(b) In Phosphoric acid in aqueous solution number of H⁺ ion release is 3. Hence it is a tribasic acid.

Ammonium Sulphate – (NH₄)₂SO₄ 

Potassium Chloride – KCl 

Sodium Nitrate – NaNO₃

GEAC (Genetic Energy Approval Committee) is an Indian government organisation. Its objective are to: (a) examine the validity of GM (Genetic modification of organism) research. (b) inspect the safety of introducing GM for public services.

If a person is born with a hereditary disease, can a corrective therapy be taken for such a disease? Gene therapy is an attempt to do this. Gene therapy is a collection of methods that allows correction of a gene defect that has been diagnosed in a child/embryo.

(b) Basmati Rice

(c) Bioresources

(b) Basmati Rice

Most of the industrialised nations are rich financially but poor in biodiversity and traditional knowledge. In contrast the developing and the underdeveloped world is rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to bio-resources. Traditional knowledge related to bio-resources can be exploited to develop modem applications and can also be used to save time, effort and expenditure during their commercialisation. There has been” growing realisation of the injustice, inadequate compensation and benefit sharing between developed and developing countries. Therefore, some nations are developing laws to prevent such unauthorised exploitation of their bio-resources and traditional knowledge.

(d) both a and c

Biopiracy is the term used to refer to the use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment. Most of the industrialised nations are rich financially but poor in biodiversity arid traditional knowledge. In contrast the developing and the underdeveloped world is rich in biodiversity and traditional knowledge related to bio-resources. Traditional knowledge related to bio-resources can be exploited to develop modem applications and can also be used to save time, effort and expenditure during their commercialisation.

Upstream processing: Biotechnological processes can be separated into upstream processes and dpwnstream processes. The upstream process is defined as the entire process from DNA isolation and culture expansion of the cells until final product. Downstream processing: After completion of the biosynthetic stage, the product has to be subjected through a series of processes before it Is ready for marketing as a finished product.

The processes include separation and purification, which are collectively referred to as downstream processing. The product has to be formulated with suitable preservatives. Such formulation has to undergo through clinical trials as in case of drugs. Strict quality control testing for each product is also required. The downstream processing and quality control testing vary from product to product.

Produces insecticidal protein i.e. 'cry protein‘ that kills certain insect pests. The gene encoding for 'cry protein‘ is isolated from bacteria & incorporated in major crop plants as biopesticides.

RNA-interference technique is adopted to prevent infestation of nematode M. incognitia in the roots of Tobacco plants .Nematode specific genes introduced into host plants by complementary ds RNA developed through 'transposons‘.

(b) lymphocytes.

(a) Bt cotton 

(b) cry gene 

(c) Bacillus thuringiencis 

(d) The cry gene produce the insecticidal protein which solubilised in the alkaline PH of insect gut and make pores in the epithelial cells.This causes the death of insect.

Answer is (c) ds RNA

Transposons are short movable DNA sequences that can change its relative position with in the genome of a single cell. Barbara McClintock discovered the jumping genes.

(b) Bioreactors

The blood inside the blood vessels does not dot because there is no free thromboplastin available to convert into active prothrombin into active thrombin.

The genes controlling a particular trait separate from each other during gamete formation. Hence gamete is always pure as far as contrasting characters are considered and will possess only one gene set.

Mendel used the term ‘factors’ for genes. Genes are portions of DNA which code for a single protein.

(a) Genes are the units of heredity which transfer characteristic from parents to their  offspring’s during reproduction. Genes are located on the chromosomes.

(b) The gene which decides the appearance of an organism even in the presence of an  alternative gene is known as dominant gene. The gene which can decide the appearance of an  organism only in the presence of another identical gene is called a recessive gene. The  dominant gene is represented by a capital letter and the corresponding recessive gene is  represented by the corresponding small letter. For example, in pea plants, the dominant gene  for tallness is T and the recessive gene for dwarfness is t.

(c) There is a pair of genes for each characteristic of an organism, one is dominant gene and  the other is recessive gene. Each parent passes only one of the two genes of the pair for each  characteristic to its progeny through gametes. Thus, the male gamete and the female gamete  carry one gene for each characteristic from the gene pairs of the parents. When a male  gamete fuses with a female gamete during fertilisation they make a new cell called zygote  which grows and develops to form a new organism having characteristics from both the  parents which it has inherited through genes.

The soluble protein present in blood plasma responsible for blood clotting is Prothrombin.

The artificial method of filtering the blood or removing the wastes from the blood is Dialysis.

Genes are located on chromosomes in linear sequence and at fixed positions.  Chemically genes are made up of nucleic acids which constitute DNA.

The number of leucocytes increases during infection to fulfil the defence demand of the body.

Characteristics are details of appearance of behavior, in other words, a particular form or a particular function. Presence of four limbs in humans is an example of characteristics.

Functions of lymph are: 

1. Nutritive: It supplies nutrition and oxygen to those parts where blood cannot reach. 

2. Drainage: It drains away excess tissue fluid and metabolites and returns proteins to the blood from tissue spaces. 

3. Absorption: It absorbs the fats from the intestine through lymphatics. 

4. Defence: Lymphocytes and monocytes of the lymph function to protect the body. The lymphatics also remove bacteria from the tissues.

Difference between Blood and Lymph

1. Palpitations: Sometimes, one may experience the heart beating too hard or too  fast or sometimes even skipping a beat. This can be frightening, but not serious or  harmful and often this condition goes away on its own. Most of the time it is  caused by stress or anxiety. Sometimes certain types of food may also cause  palpitations.  In rare cases, palpitations may be an indication of a more serious heart condition,  specially if it is accompanied by shortness of breath, dizziness or chest pain.  

2. Hypertension: This is a condition that occurs in a person when blood flows  through the blood vessels with a force greater than normal. This is also called  High Blood Pressure. Hypertension can strain the heart, damage blood vessels  and increase the risk of a heart attack or stroke.

1. The site of production of W.B.Cs in the embryo is Red bone marrow.

2. The Spleen is referred to as the graveyard of red blood corpuscles and the bone marrow referred to as the cradle of red blood corpuscles.

3. The red blood corpu scles are Biconcave and disc shaped cells without nucleus.

4. The fluid in the space between the tissue cell is called Tissue fluid/interstitial fluid.

5. The foundations of physiology were laid by the physician William Harvey.

(a) closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valves

(b) closure of aortic and pulmonary valves

(c) rushing of blood through valves producing turbulence

(i) Oxygen, 

(ii) Whole body, Lungs, 

(iii) Liver, Kidney

(iv) Liver, 

(v) Hormones, Endocrine glands, 

(vi) Tissues.

The capillaries are thin walled, because they help in the exchange of gases and diffusion of materials into the cells. This diffusion is possible due to the thinness of its walls.

The blood cells which protect the body from infection are

3. WBCs

Blood Vessels entering the heart: The right atrium receives two large vessels :

(i) Anterior vena cava 

(ii) Posterior vena cava

Blood Vessels leaving the heart: Arising from the ventricle are two large blood vessels :

(i) The pulmonary artery 

(ii) The aorta

The coronary arteries arising from the base of aorta.

Nucleus is absent in

1. RBCs

In both the plants, shoot system and leaves are above ground. They prepare food through photosynthesis and transport it to the underground parts for storage.

The primary organ infected during tuberculosis is lungs.

As per Planning Commission, minimum daily intake of calories for determining poverty line for rural area is 2100.

Out of the given four, only Pteridophytes and gymnosperms have a welldefined tissue for conduction of water and food. The vascular tissue specialized for the conduction of water is known as xylem and the tissue specialized for the conduction of food is known as phloem

शुद्ध जर्मेनियम अर्द्धचालक क्रिस्टल में त्रिसंयोजी अपद्रव्य मिलाने से बना वह बाह्य अर्द्धचालक जिसमें आवेश वाहक धनावेशित कोटर होते हैं, p-प्रकार का अर्द्धचालक कहलाता है।

आर्सेनिक (अथवा ऐन्टिमनी), संयोजकता-5

ताप बढ़ाने पर सहसंयोजक बन्ध टूट जाने के कारण अर्द्धचालक के मुक्त इलेक्ट्रॉनों की संख्या बढ़ जाती है जिससे अर्द्धचालक की चालकता बढ़ जाती है, अर्थात् उसका प्रतिरोध कम हो जाता है।