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The rebel army belong to Kota which was led by Risaldar Meharab Khan and Lala Jai Dayal.

The army of Thakur Kushal Singh battled against the state army of Maharaja Jodhpur.

Tantia Tope took possession of Bansuara state.

Brigadier Homes attacked upon Auwa on 29th January, 1858.

They were openly hanged to death on a neem tree near the British Agency.

(c) Lala Jai Dayal

(b)  Jodhpur

MC Mason,the pollitical agent of Jodhpur, was killed by the revolutionaries in 1857. His head was hung at the gate of Auwa’s fort.

Hogarth (Ajmer) Fort.

The actual name of Vijay Singh Pathik was Bhoop Singh. He was born on24th March 1882 in the village Guthawali (Bulandshahar Uttar Pradesh). He, first of all, came in contact with Sachindra Sanyal who was a well-known revolutionary leader and thus his methodology of life became revolutionary forever.

Rash Behari Bose sent Bhoop Singh to Ajmer to collect the arms and to prepare a revolutionary background in Rajasthan. There, he was arrested and was imprisoned in Todgarh Fort. In March 2015, Bhoop Singh escaped from the Fort. He reached Bijolia, from there on, he was known as Vijay Singh Pathik.

On the invitation of Sadhu Sita Ram Das, he accepted to lead the Bijolia peasants movement. He led the Begun peasants’ movement (1921 – 25). In 1920, he worked as the editor for Rajasthan Kesari. In 1922, he published from Ajmer, Naveen Rajasthan, and later on, the name of the newspaper was changed to Tarun Rajasthan.

In 1930, he published from Agra, Nava Sandesh. His famous book is “What are Indian States?” After independence, he established Rajasthan Sewa Ashram,Vijay Singh Pathik is known as the father of Indian peasant movements including that of Rajasthan. He passed away on 28 May,1954.

India should not change its foreign policy and focus more on friendship with US, but India is required to maintain healthy relations with Russia because India has experienced a long band of mutual trust, interests and popular perceptions with Russia in the following manner: 

1. Russia and India share a vision of multi polar world order i.e. coexistence of several world powers internationally, collective security, greater regionalism, democratization with the decision-making through bodies like the UN. 

2. More than 80 bilateral agreements have been experienced between India and Russia as a part of the Indo Russia Strategic Agreement of 2001. 

3. India has been benefited from its relationship on the issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on international terrorism, access to Central Asia and balancing its relation with China. 

4. Russia is also important for India’s nuclear energy plane and assisting India’s space industry by giving cryogenic rocket to India whenever needed. 

5. Co-operation with Russia and its republics like Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan in the form of partnership and investment in oil fields has also benefited India. 

6. Russia is also benefited from India on ground of the second largest arms market for Russia. Indian military gets most of its hardware from Russia. 

7. Russia and India have collaborated on various scientific projects also.

The ‘Shock Therapy’ was the state of affairs which signifies the collapse of communism followed by a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system- 

1. ‘Shock Therapy’ administered in the year 1900 not to lead the people into the promised utopia of mass consumption. 

2. It brought ruin to economies and disaster upon the people of entire region.

Shock Therapy was a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. This transformation system was influenced by the world bank and the IMF in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe. Though it varies in intensity and speed among the former second world countries but its direction and features were quite similar. 

This was not the best way to make a transition from communism to capitalism due to following drawbacks: 

1. Russia, the large state controlled industrial complex lost about 90 per cent of its industries through sales to private individuals and companies 

2. It created “the largest garage sale in history” which led virtual disappearance of entire industries for the restructuring was carried out by market forces in place of government owned policies. Hence, industries were undervalued and sold at throwaway prices. 

3. It systematically destroyed old system of social welfare. 

4. The value of ‘ruble’, the Russian currency, declined dramatically due to high rate of inflation and real GDP of Russia also declined between 1989 to 1999. 

5. The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of society into poverty and it emerged mafia to start controlling many economic activities. 

6. Privatization led to new disparities which divided Russia between rich and poor people creating economic inequality. 

7. Hence, Shock Therapy brought ruin to economies and disaster upon the people of entire region.

b. Technological

c. Military

After the WW II, many European countries faced serious financial crises. European leaders met together to find out ways of conning out of this problem. At this time the Cold War between the US and USSR had started. America gave a lot of financial help to Europe. It is known as the Marshall Plan. Under NATO, America also signed a security treaty.

In 1948, under the Marshal Plan, “European Economic Cooperation” was founded. Its aim was to help West European countries. It became a fellowship and the member countries decided to cooperate in trade and other economic problems. For political cooperation, in 1949, “Council of Europe” was established. The unity among members finally led to the formation of European Economic Community in 1957. The coming of the European Parliament made the organization very strong. The disintegration of the USSR quickened the pace of the growth of the European Union which was established in 1992.

It helped in having a common foreign policy, law and justice and internal affairs. It also brought out a common currency the “Euro”, European Union became the world largest’ economic system. According to the statistics of 2005, their GDP was 12 trillion dollars. This is more than the economy of America. Euro is stronger than American dollar. EU has become an important part of the WTO. European Union has great political and diplomatic importance. Britain and France which are its members have permanent membership in the UN Security Council. Therefore the EU can influence in the formation of important policies.

For example, the nuclear programme of Iran. Militarily EU has the second position in the world. Britain and France are also nuclear powers. In space research and communication, the EU occupies the second place.

The resistance against the US hegemony emerged not only in developed countries (EU) but also in developing countries. Identify this Organisation and prepare a short note about its objectives and functions.

ASEAN. The South Eastern Asian countries had to suffer the economic and political consequences of the colonialism by Europe and Japan. After the WW II, poverty and economic backwardness forced these countries to join one of the superpowers. Then there was the Bandung Conference and Non Aligned Movement came into existence. Even then problems were not solved. Therefore these countries joined together and formed an organization called ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations).

It was formed in 1967. Five countries Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand  , signed the Bangkok Declaration. Later Brunei Darussalam (1984), Vietnam (1985), Myanmar (1997) and Cambodia (1999) became members of ASEAN.

 Aims:

Quickening economic growth, bring about social and cultural development. Bring about regional peace according to the UN laws, and establish stability.

Before Western imperialism came, India and China were the two most powerful countries of Asia, There was hardly any dispute between them. Between the two countries there were only limited political and cultural relations. Because of that, forming a foreign policy was difficult.

When India gained its freedom from Britain and China ousted its foreign powers, everybody thought these two big countries would have better relations and Asia would be much benefited. In those days there was the famous slogan ‘Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai”. But constant border disputes destroyed those dreams of cooperation. Here are the reasons for the two countries to have such unfriendly attitudes.

In 1950, China annexed Tibet and the Sino lndian borders were decided.In 1962, China claimed some portions of Arunachal Pradesh and the Aksai Chin region from Ladakh. In the 1962 Indo China War, India suffered military setbacks. Until 1976, diplomatic relations between the two countries were minimal In the 1970s. the foreign policy of the then Prime Minister of China Chou en Lai helped in the betterment of Indo China relations. In 1981 mutual talks were organized. Their policies now are also dependent on the economic aspect. Both countries have to play major roles in the economic and political scene of Asia.

In 1988, Rajiv Gandhi visited China, The purpose behind it was maintaining peace on the border. Both parties felt that there should be cooperation between the two countries, especially in scientific and technological matters. Four border posts were opened for trade purposes. Deng Xiao Ping’s Open Door Policy’ helped friendly relations between the two countries grow.

Trade between India and China amounted to 18 billion dollars in 2006, whereas it was only 338 lakhs in 1992. Both the countries have agreed to cooperate and work together in organizations like the WTO.

When India tested its atomic device in 1998, China helped Pakistan to make its nuclear weapons. This, as well as China’s military alliance with Bangladesh and Myanmar, is against the interests of India. But none of these led to any serious dispute.In the border matters, talks are still going on. Leaders of both countries exchange visits, in travel, communication and economic matters, the situation has improved greatly.

China has introduced an open market economy which is moving China towards global economy due to following facts- 

1. The integration of the Chinese economy and interdependencies has enabled China to have considerable influence with its trade partners. 

2. The open door policy has stabilized the ASEAN economy. 

3. China’s outward looking for investment and aid policies in Latin America and Africa are protecting China as a global player.

The present Chinese economy has adopted the ‘open door policy’ to generate higher productivity by investments in capital and technology. It differed from its command economy in the following manner: 

1. It broke stagnancy of a command economy. 

2. Command economy lagged behind the industrial production but the Chinese economy recovered it by the privatization of agriculture and industry. 

3. The present Chinese economy established new trading laws and created Special Economic Zones leading the higher rise in foreign trade. During Command economy the international trade was minimal and per capita income was very low.

(i) Transaction

(ii) Credit Transaction

(iii) Cash Discount

(iv) Contingent Liability

(v) Capital Expenditure

Correct option is (a) going concerned

The concept according to which assets are recorded in the books of accounts at the price at which they are acquired or purchased is called the cost concept.

This statement is False. 

Writing of account requires specific skill and knowledge as book-keeping is an art and science of correctly recording business transactions.

i. Disagree

ii. Agree

iii. Disagree

iv. Disagree

v. Agree

Correct option is (a) Going Concern Concept

Correct option is (b) primary/basic

Correct option is (c) Casting

This statement is True. 

Book-keeping is also considered as an art of recording business transactions because the writing of accounts in a specific style and format requires education, knowledge, training, skill, and experience. From another point of view, Book-keeping is a continuous process of collecting, analyzing, classifying, summarising, and recording the different types of business transactions. In brief, bookkeeping may be defined as “A science as well as an art of collecting, analyzing, classifying, summarising and recording all types of business transactions in a significant manner and in terms of money in a separate set of books.

This statement is True. 

The record of business transactions is prepared for a specific period of time i.e. one year and it is preserved for a long period of time.

Excess of revenue income over revenue expenditure is termed as profit.

This statement is False. 

Book-keeping is a recording of business financial transactions which is useful to prepare ledger, trial balance, financial statements. All the above are useful to take decisions, planning, liabilities, and assets so a businessman cannot run his business without book-keeping.

Correct option is (a) book-keeping

This statement is False. 

Books of accounts are maintained by trading and non-trading concerns. Non-trading concerns do not earn any profits so bookkeeping is not necessary only with the objective of profit.

This statement is True. 

With help of financial statements, management does planning, decision-making for the future. The past record gives ideas to the management to improve financial decisions like more profit better financial conditions etc. so financial statements are effective weapons in the hands of management.

This statement is True. 

The purpose of preparing books of accounts is to know financial details of organization from journal ledger, trial balance, final accounts proprietor to get an idea of his financial status. The purpose of financial books of accounts is to get profit and net worth etc.

The main reason why the number of firms is small is that there are barriers which prevent entry of the firms into industry. Patents raw materials, etc. prevent new firms from entering the industry. Only those who are able to cross these barriers enter.

(A) Narayana Guru

When there are only a few firms in the market, it is likely that each firm has some knowledge as to how its rivals operate. Each firm expects reactions from the rival firms. Therefore, each firm is deciding price and output, takes into account the expected reactions by the rival firms. In this way firms are interdependent on each other.

(A) Naryana Guru

(B) Narayana Guru

Correct answer is d) Gandhiji

(i) The tree has grown Slowly consuming the earth, rising out of it, feeding upon its crust.

(ii) The tree feeds sunlight, air, water from the crust.

Mixed farming.

(a) I wrote a letter to my friend.

(b) 'A’ is the first letter of alphabet

(a) He has a rose garden.

(b) Sales rose by 30% in the last month.

(a) Don’t park your car near my house

(b) I go the park regularly

1. (b) uncontrived

2. (a) unknown

3. (c) bored

4. (b) alive

5. (c) last

Isaac wondered if the stars were worlds like our own, how great was their distance from the earth and what was the power that kept the stars in their courses. When the apple fell on his head, it made him think what made it fall down.

When he had once got hold of this idea, he never permitted his mind to rest until he had searched and made his findings. He felt he knew very little in comparison to what remained to be known by him.

Newton created many curious articles with the help of his little tools and saws of various sizes.

1. Revathy and Rohini are friends.

2. If you say so, I will believe it.

3. Shekar is intelligent but careless.

4. The bus was overcrowded so Arun avoided travelling in it.

5. Though Vinay is ill, he doesn’t skip the class.

1. (b) enchanted

2. (b) mathematics

3. (c) scholar

4. (b) apple

5. (a) fame