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Answer is (D) 4 only

(C) Kanchipuram

Indentured labor was described as a new system of slavery because :
(i) Agents tempted the poor people by giving false information about the nature of work, living and working conditions, final destinations modes of
travel, etc.
(ii) Less willing workers were at time forcibly abducted by the agents,
(iii) On the plantation, the working conditions were harsh and they had a few legal rights.
(iv) They were beaten or imprisoned for not being able to meet tasks that used to be very heavy or for running away from the job.
(v) Normal medical attention was given to them and, wages were deducted in case of absence at work or failure to fulfill the task

(i) With the scrapping of the Corn Laws, Britain began to import foodgrains from rest of the world. These products were relatively cheaper than the prices of the British produced goods and foodgrains.
(ii) Britain was forced to import foodgrains from Eastern Europe, America, and Australia.
(iii) There were complex changes in labor movement patterns, capital flow, ecology, and technology.
(iv) Crops were not grown by a peasant tilling his own land, but by an agricultural worker.
(v) Food came from thousands of miles away.
(vi) Now food and other essential commodities were transported by railways and by ships manned by low paid workers from southern Europe, Asia, Africa
and the Caribbean.

Trade Surplus: It is a situation in which the total value of exports of a nation during the year exceeds the total value of imports.
(i) Over the 19th century, British manufacturers flooded Indian market. Food grains and raw material exports from India to Britain and the rest of world also increased.
(ii) Value of British exports to India was higher than imports from India.
(iii) Britain, as such had "Trade surplus" with India. Britain used this surplus to balance trade deficit with other countries.
(iv) This is how a multilateral settlement system works that allows one country's deficit with another country to be settled by its surplus with a third
country.

(v) India played a crucial role in helping Britain to balance its deficits. Britain's trade surplus in India helped paying the home charges that included private remittances home by British officials and trade.

Over the 19th century, British manufacturers flooded the Indian market. Food grains and raw material exports from India to Britain and the rest of the world increased. But the value of British exports to India was much higher than the value of British imports from India. Thus, Britain had a 'trade surplus' with India.

(C) Stone Chariot of Hazara Rama temple

(C) Amuktamalyada.

(B) Tungabhadra

(A) 1509 – 1529 AD

Answer is (C) Bronze

(B) Tirumala

(B) Abdul Razak

(A) Vijayanagara

Answer is (B) Telugu

(C) Tungabhadra

Capital of Bahamani kingdom was Gulbarga.

(D) Vizayanagara Ruler

Augustus Caesar was the Emperor of Rome when Jesus Christ was born. 

Julius Caesar was a great General, Dictator, Reformer and the symbol of ancient Rome. He was bold and powerful. Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Crassus formed the First Triumvirate.

They divided the Empire among themselves: Caesar in Gaul, Crassus in Parthia (Iran) and Pompey in Spain and ruled the Roman Empire. Pompey and Caesar were at loggerheads and Crassus had acted as a mediator between them. The Triumvirate disintegrated after Crassus’s death. Caesar was victorious in several battles in Gaul and Britain. He advanced towards east and overthrew his opponents in Asia Minor. This was the occasion, he sent his famous message to the Senate “Vini, Vidi Vici”, which means “I came, I saw, I conquered”.

Pompey looked upon Caesar’s progress with suspicion and envy. He asked Caesar to return to Rome without his army. Caesar forestalled Pompey, reached Rome and defeated him at Pharsalus. Later, chased Pompey to Egypt where he was killed. Egypt under Queen Cleopatra became an ally of Rome. Later Caesar became the Dictator of Rome. But he was murdered in 44 BCE by the Liberators-headed by Brutus in a Senate meeting.

Caesar increased the strength of the Senate and reduced its power. He distributed public lands and provided employment to the poor.

His reforms include the following: Improvement in Agriculture, reduction of taxes, removal of corrupt and oppressive Governors, and improvement in the coinage system and the introduction of the Julian calendar. He was also a great orator and a writer.

Holy or dignity is the meaning of ‘Augustus’.

Ibn Battuta – Hari Hara – I period.

Augustus Caesar was the greatest Ruler of the Roman Empire.

Ancient Greeks were called ‘Hellenes’, as they claimed descent from a common ancestor, Hellenes. 

Bahamani Kingdom broke up into five kingdoms. Ahmednagar, Bivar, Bidar, Bijapur and Golkonda were the five kingdoms.

1. Diamond 

2. distinctive 

3. Horse 

4. Muslim 

5. Sri Ranga III

Jus Gentium was one part of the Roman law applying to foreigners in Rome and to others within Roman lands, who were not given citizenship.

Alexander is one of the greatest names in the history of the world. He owed much to his father Philip II of Macedonia. He became greater than his father. He succeeded his father at the age of 20 and wanted to conquer the world.

Alexander is one of the greatest names in the history of the world. He owed much to his father Philip II of Macedonia. He became greater than his father. He succeeded his father at the age of 20 and wanted to conquer the world.

Alexander conquered Egypt and built a new city called ‘Alexandria’ at the mouth of Nile delta. With this success, he marched into India, across the Karakorum Mountains. He defeated King Porus in the battle of ‘Hydaspes’ or battle of Jhelum (326 B.C.E). He sailed down of Indus, but he could not bring his Indian campaign to a victorious conclusion.

The army exhausted, refused to march forward. They were scared of facing the powerful Nandas. His efforts to inspire the soldiers to continue the expeditions became futile. At the height of his power, he died of fever at the age of 33 in Babylon.

Alexander’s concept of World Empire could not stand the test of time, as it had no firm political or economic basis. Nevertheless, he aided in the admirable task of spreading Hellenic civilization. He founded nearly seventy cities. He and his soldiers married Persian women and worshipped Persian Gods.

He encouraged Greek merchants to trade with Asiatic countries. A happy union of east and west led to the development of Greece- oriental culture. Alexander’s conquest initiated several centuries of cultural exchange between Greece and Central Asia. The Gandhara School of Architecture of Ancient India developed due to the Greek influence.

It is said that but for the Romans, the Greek culture would not have spread to the Western World. Directly or indirectly, Romans acted as the agents. Rome has made its own distinct contributions such as the formation of Republics and Governments. Laws, Legal procedures and Systems, Principles of Taxation, Citizenship Rights, Setting up of Hospitals and Sanitation Systems and construction of Public Buildings and Baths.

The greatest gift of the Romans was the ‘Pax Romana’ or the Roman Peace. The Roman Empire covered a vast stretch of territory touching three continents, namely Europe, Africa, and Asia. By the might of its army, Rome gave peace to the entire Mediterranean World. Prior to that, it was a place of constant wars between the petty Rulers.

But for the peaceful atmosphere, the growth of the Roman Civilization would not have been possible. It was Romans who gave the first practical demonstration of the idea of ‘World State’. They showed the world not only how to build an Empire, but also how to Govern it efficiently. They introduced a uniform system of Administration and common laws throughout the Empire.

The most outstanding intellectual contribution of the Romans was the formation of a body of laws. These laws have made a profound impact on almost all the civilized nations of the world today. Earlier, it was the Priests who were interpreting the laws for the common people.

The first written code came in the form of ‘Twelve Tables’ in 150 B.C. It established ‘Equality before Law’. It was of two parts Jus Civile applied to the Roman citizens and Jus Gentium applicable to all living on Roman lands that were not given citizenship. Justinian codified them completely.

Romans were the inventors of concrete. They introduced Arches and Cupolas (Domes) in their Architecture and built many fine Public Buildings, Amphitheatres and Temples. The Coliseum built by Vespasian and the Pantheon are fine examples for that. Romans built miles and miles of very good, well-paved highways like Via Appia, Via Latina and Via Valeria.

The roads were for the fast movement of their armies across the Empire and for trade with distant parts. Their system of interlinking roads connecting Rome with all the major parts of their Empire and the importance of Rome gave rise to the saying that “All roads lead to Rome”.

Roman Contributions in science were very limited. Most of the conclusions reached by Roman scientists were philosophical, and not the result of careful experimentation. They were the first to provide free medicine to poor patients. They maintained personal cleanliness, and for this purpose they built baths. They constructed hospitals and patients were treated by qualified physicians.

The greatest physician was Galen (130-200 CE). He wrote on Human Anatomy and Physiology. The knowledge of human Anatomy enabled them to conduct operations and to remove goitres and tonsils. Galen was one of the first to discover the circulation of blood. The natural history of Pliny is a large Compendium of all known science. Aretacus was the first to describe the symptoms of diabetes and diphtheria. The Romans borrowed the Etruscan rotation system, but it was not developed much above the level of arithmetic.

Roman numerals like I, X, L, C, etc. are used even today. The ancient Romans used numerals for commercial mathematics. Most of the Roman paintings have disappeared. The best of the surviving murals are found in Pompeii. The art of painting was revived through Christian influence in Church Frescoes in the later period.

The support of various kingdoms to Telugu literature: 

1. The kings of various kingdoms encouraged and gave shelter to many great poets and patronized Telugu literature. 

2. During this period great literature was written by these poets. 

3. Krishnadeva Raya was also a patron of Telugu literature and he himself composed the poetic work Amuktamalyada on the life of Andal the Tamil Bhakta poetess His court was adorned with eight poets popularly known as “Ashtadiggajas”. They are Allasani Peddana, Mukku Thimmana, Dhurjati, Ramaraja Bhushan, Teriali Ramakrishna, Pingali Surana, Ayyalaraju Ramabadhrudu and Madayagari Mallana. 

4. Sultan Ibrahim Qutub Shah (1550- 1580) patronized Telugu literature. Famous Telugu poets of Ibrahim Qutub Shah’s period were Singanacharyudu, Addanki Gangadharudu, Kandukuru Rudrakavi and Ponnaganti Telaganarya.

C) Prabandha Parameswara

1. Persian Merchant 

2. 1482 CE 

3. Achutadevaraya and Venkata Raya 

4. Sanskrit and Telugu

Correct option is D) 1347 AD

A) Vidyaranya

Correct option is A) 1336 CE

Most of the immediate successors of Augustus Caesar except for Marcus Aurelius were weak, incompetent and tyrants. Caligula and Nero were the worst examples for a bad Ruler. Roman Civilization was on a decline and Diocletian and his successors checked it to some extent.

Emperor Constantine shifted the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople, a city named after him in 330 CE which marked the beginning of the Eastern Roman Empire. Constantinople was built on the ancient site of Byzantium which is now called Istanbul, located in Turkey. He issued the edict of Milan, which granted liberty to Christians to profess their religion and began the Christianization of the Empire.

Justinian was the last great Emperor who had control over both the Eastern and the Western halves of the Empire. His long-lasting achievements were the ‘Justinian code’ and his buildings in Constantinople. The Eastern Roman Empire with Constantinople as its capital continued to exist till it was overthrown by the Turks in 1453 CE.

The most outstanding intellectual contribution of Romans was the formation of a body of laws. Their laws have made a profound impact on almost all the civilized nations of the world today. It was largely their system of law and administration that enabled the Romans to maintain order over a vast Empire which the Greeks were unable to do. Laws encouraged travel and boosted trade. English words like Taw’, ‘legal’, ‘legislation’, ‘Justice’, ‘equality’ and ‘judge’, have all been derived from Latin. Much of the early laws were interpreted by priests. The first written code came in the form of Twelve Tables in 150 BCE. In order to keep abreast of changing economic conditions, the commercial transactions were legalised and all were equal before law.

Roman law can be divided into two parts.

1. The Jus-civil law, which applied only to Roman citizens. 

2. Jus Gentium, originally applying to foreigners in Rome and to others within Roman lands, codified by the great Roman Emperor Justinian. Rome saw a series of legal reforms and the creation of principles of legal science. Practically all the later legal systems-from the common law of England to the Napoleonic code owed much to the Roman legal systems.

B) Prolaya Vema Reddy

The Roman Empire covered a vast stretch of territory that touched three continents namely Europe, Asia, and Africa. The establishment of the Empire brought about great peace over these places, called Pax Romana, which made the growth of Roman civilization possible. The entire Mediterranean world was a place of constant wars and battles among the petty Rulers. Rome with the might of its army maintained peace there.

For about two centuries from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius the Empire enjoyed peace. As a result, trade and commerce flourished. People began to lead a prosperous life because of peace and prosperity. Cities were built, temples were constructed and remarkable development took place. Roman citizenship was granted to all those who came under the hegemony of Rome. It was a guarantee enough for them to be treated on par with all the others.

The city of Rome expanded into an Empire. But it was still called Rome. In the Senate a powerful Oligarchy dominated. Misgovernment and despotism became common features in parts of the Empire. The Roman army which was now professional created super Generals like Marius, Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar. Marius was the first of the new leaders of Rome. He became a Dictator of Rome and one-man rule took root with him. After Marius, it was the turn of Sulla and he acted like a Monarch. Then came the ‘First Triumvirate’ of Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar.

The city of Rome was founded by the twin brothers, Romulus, and Remus in 753 BCE, on the Palatine hill on the banks of river Tiber. It was named Rome (Roma) after Romulus. In its early history, Italy faced formidable enemies such as Aquinas, Etruscans, and Volscians. Under the leadership of Romulus, their attacks were effectively repulsed. But the Gauls attacked Rome and the city was burnt down. It was rebuilt later

Republic or Monarchy was the usual form of Government. Roman Republic was supposed to have been established around 509 BCE. Even though it was a Republic, real power was enjoyed by the Patricians, the Aristocrats. The Plebeians comprised of the workers, small farmers, artisans, small traders, and soldiers. The Senate enjoyed the most important position. Rome fought the Punic wars with Carthage and destroyed it. The City of Rome expanded into an Empire.

A powerful Oligarchy dominated the Senate and the powerful army created super Generals like Marius, Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar. Marius became a Dictator of Rome. Later, the ‘First Triumvirate’ of Crassus, Pompey and Caesar took over. Caesar defeated Pompey and*became the Dictator. Julius Caesar brought in many reforms. After he was killed by the Brutus led Liberators, Augustus Caesar became the Emperor and took the Roman Empire to greater heights.

The city of Rome is located on the Banks of River Tiber on the Palatine and six other Hills.

Republic or Monarchy was the usual form of Government. 

Mark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian formed the ‘Second Triumvirate’.

(B) Danthidurga

Athenian democracy reached its greatest height, under the leadership of Pericles. He was a great radical in politics. He was the great-grandson of Clisthenes. It was he who completed the work of laying the foundation for democracy in Athens. He deprived the ‘Areopagus’ the legislative body of its political powers and transferred the same to the council of five hundred.

This body suggested measures to the Acclesia- the Assembly. It was freely discussed by all the citizens of Athens and laws were passed. A board of ten Generals elected by the Assembly acted as a kind of Cabinet. Pericles was the President of this board. The generals were responsible to the Assembly and thus could not become Dictators.

Another important feature of the Periclean age was the jury system. Every year about 5000 jurors were elected for a term of one year. Being a great lover of democracy, he wanted even the poorest citizen to take interest in the political affairs of the State. This was the forerunner for the present day’s Direct Democracy.

Athens which was destroyed during the Persian war was rebuilt by Pericles. Athens became a centre of progress in Art and Architecture. Very large public buildings were constructed, which beautified Athens. The famous Parthenon or the temple of Virgin was built of coloured marble stones. It was the most beautiful temple. To protect this beautiful city from foreign invaders, he built ‘Longwalls’ connecting the city with the port Piraeus.

Pericles patronised music and artistes. The age of Pericles produced great Philosophers like Socrates and his pupil, Plato. It was the Golden age of Greek plays. Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were the great dramatists who wrote tragic plays. Hippocrates who is regarded as the Father of Medicine, Herodotus who is regarded as the Father of History and Thucycidides another famous historian all lived under the patronage of Pericles.

Having a uniform system of administration and common laws in all the countries is the idea behind ‘World State’. This was first mooted by Alexander, and the Romans gave the first practical demonstration of it.

Hannibal was a Carthagean General who had scored brilliant victories but could not capture Rome.

Crassus acted as a Mediator between Julius Caesar and Pompey.