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• A Sovereign Democratic Republic
• Description of Rights and Freedoms.

Correct option is: (b) central

(a) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

In my locality (Mumbai) we have building structures and tall skyscrapers. In contrast, we do have hutmen locality with small houses in rows and sometimes chawls that are built upto one storey.

Steatite was used to make the Harappan seals.

(b) Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru

(c) Dr Rajendra Prasad

Houses or buildings in my locality have flat roofs and provisions are made for draining away the rain water. Some of the hutments do have tiled sloping roofs.

(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

To execute different functions, 8 major committees and 15 minor Committees were formed.

If the drains are not covered they will become infested or breeding grounds to mosquitoes, flies, insects, etc. This will directly affect the health of the people living in that vicinity. People will become victim to terrible illnesses, death rate may rise, children and senior citizens will be mostly affected as they have weaker immunity.

(c) on January 22, 1947

The concept of making of Constitution in Self – Governance Bill of Bal Gangadhar Tilak presented for the very first time in 1895

• Sovereignty of the people and Independence of India 
• Emphasis on national security and cultural pluralism.

(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad

G.V. Mavalankar.

Characteristics of Indian Constitution: Main characteristics of Indian Constitution are given below: 

1. Constitution Based on Popular Sovereignty: 

Indian constitution is based on the popular sovereignty, which means it is a constitution which is formed and adopted by the Indian people. The full and final power is given to the Indian people through this constitution. In the introduction of the constitution it has been clearly declared, “We the people of India with a firm determination adopt, enact and give to over-selves this Constitution in this Constituent Assembly on this day November 26, 1949.” 

2. The largest Constitution of the World: 

Among all written constitutions, Indian Constitution is the largest and most comprehensive. In the original constitution there were 395 sections and 8 schedules. After several constitutional amendments, there are 395 articles in 22 parts 12 schedules in it, while the number of articles in American Constitution is 7, in Canadian Constitution 147, Australia 128, South Africa 153 and in the Constitution of Switzerland there are 195 articles. At present in Indian Constitution, there are 448 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 100 amendments. 

3. Sovereign Democratic Republic: 

It has been declared in the Indian Constitution that India is totally independent in its internal as well external matters, i.e., it is a sovereign country. The sovereignty of the country is inherent in Indian people. The governance is of the public and so it is governed by the public.

The democratic system has been adopted here. India is a Democratic Republic country as the President does not come from heredity but is elected by Public for a limited time period, on the basis of proportional representation through single transferable voting system by an electoral college.

4. Written and created constitution: 

Indian constitution is a written and created constitution like the constitution of America, Canada and Switzerland. Most of the parts of Indian Constitution are written and the customs and traditions have very less space. It was prepared by Constituent Assembly. It was prepared in a period of 2 years 11 months and 18 days.

5. Single Constitution for the entire Nation: 

In federal governance system the center and the states have their independent constitutions. But Indian constitution is equally enacted and enforced over the center and the states. 

6. Parliamentary Governance System: 

Following the British model, the parliamentary government system forms the axis of entire Political System. The cabinet is responsible to legislature and parliament jointly and the president of the country is only a head of the country. The real executive power is vested in the prime minister and his cabinet is the real political power of the country. 

7. Fundamental Rights and Duties: 

In the part 3 of Indian constitution there is an arrangement of fundamental rights. These rights are essential for an all round development of the personality of the citizen. There was an arrangement of 7 fundamental rights of an Indian. 

They were:

1. Right to equality 

2. Right to freedom 

3. Right against exploitation 

4. Right to freedom of religion 

5. Cultural and educational right 

6. Right to constitutional remedies 

7. Right to property

This right to property is now not a fundamental right but a legal right. And so at present there are only six fundamental rights in Indian constitution. This was by 42nd amendment of the constitution. The judiciary is the guardian and protector of the our fundamental rights. In the 42nd constitutional amendment, eleven fundamental duties are added,

1. Respect for the Indian constitution, national flag and the national anthem 

2. Respect for the noble ideals of the freedom struggle 

3. Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India 

4. Defend the country and render national service when called 

5. Promotion of common brotherhood among the people 

6. Preservation of the rich heritage of the nation and its composite culture 

7. Protection of natural environment and have compassion for living creature 

8. Development of scientific temper, humanism and spirit of inquiry and reform 

9. Safeguarding public property and avoid violence 

10. Strive for excellence in all individual and collective activity 

11. Duty for the parents to send their children to schools for education. Children of age group of 6 to 14 should attend school – this is a fundamental duty of every parent according constitutional amendment of 2002.

8. A mixture of unitary and federal elements: 

The makers of Indian Constitution wanted to prepare such a constitution that might be capable in maintaining the unity of India. So there is a mixture of unitary and federal elements in Indian Constitution. There are Several provisions in the constitution that make union government more powerful than that of states.

9. Rigidity and flexibility: 

The constitution of India is rigid in some parts. Some of its provisions can be amended in difficult way while others can be amended very easily.

There are two methods to amend the constitution: 

(1) Most of the provisions of the constitution can be amended by the union parliament by passing an amendment bill by a majority of two-third majority of members present and voting in each of the two houses. 

(2) For the amendment of some specific parts, a very rigid method has been provided. Under this, the amendment bill has to be passed by a majority of total membership of two third members present and voting in each house, and then it goes to the state legislature for ratification. The amendment gets passed only when it is approved by not less than half of the states of union. Thus the constitution of India is partly rigid and partially flexible. 

10. Establishment of socialist state: 

Through 42nd amendment the word ‘socialist’ is used in the introduction of the constitution. The meaning of socialistic partially state is that there will be control of whole society over the means of production and distribution instead of a particular person or institution. 

11. India is a secular state: 

The word ‘secular’ ensures that India is neutral in matters of religion and people of all religions are alike in the eyes of the country. Through 42nd amendment of the constitution 1976, the word ‘secular’ is added in the preamble of the constitution. This makes it different from theocratic states like the Islamic republic of Pakistan or other Islamic countries. Further, Indian secularism guarantees equal freedom to all religions. 

12. Directive Principles of State Policy: 

The directive principles of state policy are also mentioned in the Indian Constitution. Under it, the centre and states governments have been advised to work for economic, social and cultural development of the people. Through these principles, an effort has been made to achieve the welfare form of the state. 

13. Emergency powers: 

The constitution vests extraordinary power, known as emergency power in the President those During emergency resulting out of armed rebellion or external aggression or due to failure of constitutional machinery in the state. These Emergency powers are mentioned in Articles 352, 356 and 360. The president uses this Emergency power with the advice of the cabinet of ministers headed by the prime minister. 

14. Independent, fair and supreme Judiciary: 

Indian constitution provides an independent, fair and supreme judiciary which ensures that the governance is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and acts as a guardian of the liberties and fundamental rights of the citizens. In India, the form of the judiciary is unique and the supreme court stands on the highest peak of justice. 

15. Establishment of powerful center: 

India is a developing country. Considering this, the constituent assembly has provide a powerful form to the center, so that the unity and integrity of India might be made secure and intact. 

16. Fundamental Right to Adult voting: 

Indian constitution ensures supreme power of governance to the Indian public. So every person without any distinction participates in the governance. 

17. Provision of one national language: 

India is a country of many languages. Through the constitution of India. Hindi, written in devanagari script, is declared as the national language. However, in India it is not treated as national language due to vested interests. In the schedule of Indian constitution, 22 regional languages are included. 

18. President is the symbol of national unity: 

In Indian constitution all executive powers are theoretically vested in president. He is made the symbol of national unity. The President of India is elected by the people indirectly. 

19. Desire for global cooperation: 

Indian Constitution wishes for international co-operation and peace in the world community. “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” is the main characteristic of our ancient culture. Therefore, in the schedule 51 of part four of constitution, international peace, security and cooperation is included.

Amendment System.

Members of drafting committee : 

The names of the members of drafting committee are – 

1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 

2. Alladi Krishinaswami Ayyar 

3. M. Gopal Swami Ayangar 

4. Saiyed Mohammad Sadullah 

5. Dr. K.M. Munshi (the only Congress member) 

6. T.T. Krishnamachari 

7. N. Madhavarao.

Works of Drafting Committee: 

After passing a resolution, Drafting Committee was formed by the Constitution Assembly on August 19, 1947. Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar was chosen its chair person, and the Drafting Committee was asigned with the responsibility to prepare the draft of the constitution. While deliberating upon the draft of the constitution, the assembly moved to discuss and dispose off as many as 2473 amendments out of a total 

The Constituent Assembly:

 Of 7635 tabled. The Drafting Committee played an important role in the making of the constitution. The committee proposed the draft constitution and put it up before the Constituent Assembly on February 21, 1948. The report was read three times in the Constituent Assembly, which is given below: 

1. First Reading: 

The first reading of the report started on November 4, 1948 and continued upto November 1948. Many amendments in drafting report were suggested after the publication of the draft. Again a specific edition was then published. 

2. Second Reading: 

The second reading started on November 15 and continued upto October 17, 1949. During this period 7653 amendments were presented, out of which 2473 were accepted for discussion. 

3. Third Reading: 

The third reading of the constitution started on November 14, 1949 and continued upto November 26, 1949. The constitution was passed and declared on 26 November, 1949. At that time 284 members out of total 299, were present in the Central Hall of the Assembly.

The process of the making of the constitution took 2 years 11 months and 18 days to be completed. During this period, 11 sessions were held and total 114 days were spent over the discussions on the drafting of the constitution. During this period, the constitutions of 60 countries were scrutinized.

After a long discussion and amendments, when the draft of the constitution was presented in the constituent assembly on November 26, 1949. there were 365 sections and 8 schedules in it, but 15 sections of the constitution i.e. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 372, 380, 388, 391, 392 and 393 were passed and applied on the same day 26 November, 1949.

Remaining part of the constitution was applied on January 26, 1950, as Indian National Congress had demanded total independence on January 26, 1930 and the day of 26 January was celebrated as the independence day till the time India got independence. The last meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on January 24, 1950 and on that very day Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made the first President of Free India.

Through the Principle of Adjustment.

• Federal and Unitary System
• The questions related to Fundamental Rights.

(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Socialism is a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

(d) G.V. Mavalankar

The introduction given in the beginning of every constitution is a fundamental necessity. The introduction of the constitution expresses the fundamental philosophy of the constitution. The introduction also has its legal importance. The introduction of the Indian Constitution is called the preamble. The preamble of the constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purposes and principles of the document and it indicates the source from which the document receives authority.

It means the people are the ultimate source of Authority. The hopes and aspiration of the people as well as the ideals before our nation are described in the preamble in clear words. It may be considered as the soul of the constitution. The Indian public have ultimate sovereignty and authority and the people govern through their representatives.

In preamble, several ideals and pious goals are declared and it is expected with hope that the government is accountable for the fulfillment of these hopes. In this way, the preamble in indirect way hints directives to the Government and controls its function.

The Principle of Adjustment.

The meaning of the preamble is, “The initially and introductory statement of a book, a speech, an essay or an epic”. In the beginning of every constitution there is an introduction in which the objectives and purposes of the constitution are mentioned. All the provisions of the constitution are incorporated in it.

The facts, principles and ideals that are mentioned in the introduction can be seen in the entire constitution. In Indian Constitution, the ideals, values and the aspirations of the constitution have been laid down clearly in the preamble. The introduction of Indian constitution is given below:

We, the people of India having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC. REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizen JUSTICE, Social, economic and political LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship.

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all fraternity assuring the diginity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation in our Constituent Assembly this twenty – sixty day of November, 1949, do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this constitution.

The preamble of Indian Constitution is based on the objective resolution drafted and presented by Pandit Jawahar Lai Nehru on 13th December 1946 and passed by the Constituent Assembly. The preamble can be referred to as the preface which .gives a peek into the entire constitution. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the constituent assembly and came into effect on 26th January 1950.

Sovereignty is an essential element of self governance. It means the right and power of taking decisions without any external or internal interference.

“Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation”.

On January 22, 1947.

(b) on December 13, 1946

Correct option is: (a) buried

Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

On 13 December, 1946.

(c) 2 years 11 months 18 days

Overall three readings took place for the draft constitution: 

1. The first reading: 

The first reading of the constitution started on November 4, 1948 and ended on November 9, 1948 in the Constituent Assembly. Under it, several suggestions were exchanged for amendment. After its publication specific edition of draft of the constitution was published. 

2. The second reading: 

The second reading of the constitution started on November 15, 1948 which ended on October 17, 1949. There was comprehensive discussions over it and 7653 amendments were presented, out of which, 2473 were accepted for discussion. 

3. Third reading: 

In the constituent assembly third reading of the constitution started on November 14, 1949 which went on till November 26, 1949. And at last the Indian Constitution was passed in the Constituent Assembly.

• India a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic
• Enhancing Unity, Integrity and Fraternity.

(a) on November 26, 1949

When I went to a nearby swimming pool, I observed that there is a continuous flow of water and excess water filtering system where the water is cleaned. This clean water is then recycled again to be used in the pool. Every week the entire pool water is pumped out. The moss edges and walls of the pool are scrubbled clean with disinfectants.

Fresh water is then added to the pool, with right amount of chlorine tablets. We then have a pool with sparkling water. The Harappahs too, were hygienic as they too had provisions made for draining, cleaning and re-filling the Great Bath.

Correct option is: (b)2.5

Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru presented the objective resolution on December 13, 1946 in the Constituent Assembly. In this resolution the profile of future Sovereign Democratic Republic of India was presented. The Resolution was passed on January 22, 1947. The major features of objective solution were making of constitution, formation of the Union of India, determination of the limitations of the Constitution, ensuring the public as the source of governance, establishing social, economic and political equality, ensuring proper arrangement of reservation and protection for minorities and backward classes, making the arrangement for sovereignty and contributing in global peace and human welfare, etc.

Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru.

(b) Granville Austin

The importance of the Constituent Assembly can be described as given below: 

The greatest republic India was founded on November 26, 1946, by the present Constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly. Most of the decisions were taken unanimously in the Constituent Assembly. It espouses unity, idealism and national cooperation. Several matters of the constitution were solved on the basis of adjustment theory.

The feelings and opinions of adjustment, co-ordination and harmony were seen during the meetings of the Constituent Assembly. Many disputes related to princely states, minorities and language were resolved cordially, and during discussions the feelings of unity and co-operation was shown. The opinions of the members were not traditional or customary or narrow but moderate and progressive. They adopted good things from sixty different constitutions of the world.

The Initialization of the select ideals and principles of the constitutions of other countries was done. The process of amendment in the Constituent Assembly was also unique. The Principles of Federalism and British Parliamentary Democracy were adopted. In this way it can be said that the Constituent Assembly made an Ideal, Democratic Constitution for India. This achievement of the Constituent Assembly is an example for the world.

Correct option is: (b) baked

The determination of seats in Constituent Assembly was done on the following bases:

• Each province and princely state were to be allotted seats in proportion to their respective population. One seat was to be allotted for roughly every million population. 
• Seats allocated to each British province were to be, divided among the three principal communities General, Muslims and Sikhs only in Punjab. 
• The representatives of each community were to be elected by members of that community in the provincial legislative assembly by the method of Proportional Representation of Single Transferable Voting System. 
• The representatives of princely states were nominated by the heads of the princely states?

(c) Cabinet mission plan

Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru.

(a) on 26 November