Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Correct option is D. 8

The Simon Commission was appointed because to examine the effects and operations of the constitutional reforms and to suggest more reforms for India.

People of India opposed the Simon Commission because the Commission consisted of Sir John Simon and seven members. All the members were of British Parliament. There was not a single Indian member. So, Indian decide to oppose it.

Indians strongly believed that since the Commission was framed to bring reforms in the Indian political system, the British government must include Indian members in the Commission to understand the problems and pains of Indian society. However, the British rejected this recommendation. Hence, Indians opposed the Simon Commission.

Correct Answer is: (d) pressure

F = ηA.dv/dx or F/A =η. dv/dx

This has the dimension of pressure.

c.g.s unit of η = poise 

S.I. Unit of η = poiseuille or deca poise 

1 poise = 1 g cm^–1 s^–2 = 10^–1 kg m^–1 s^–1 

= 0.1 poiseuille

Viscous force on the parachute is large as F = 6π η r v, F α r, so its terminal velocity becomes small so the person hits the ground with this small velocity and does not get injured.

The basis of antibacterial drugs is that it attacks the biochemical mechanisms of the bacteria but in case of viruses such mechanisms are absent.

Because viruses have few biochemical mechanisms of their own.

(i) Carbon

(ii) Mercury

(iii) Zinc

(iv) Silver

Gibberellin induces parthenocarpy in tomatoes.

(a) पवन ऊर्जा :

1.  पवनों से ऊर्जा उन्हीँ जगहों पर पाई जाती है जहाँ वर्षा के समय तेज गति से पवने चलती हो |

2.  टरबाइनो कि गति के लिए पवनो की न्यूनतम चाल 15 km/h से अधिक होनी ऊर्जा चाहिए |

3.  इसके उपयोग के लिए सचायक सेलों की भी सुविधा होनी चाहिए |

(b) जल विद्युत ऊर्जा :

1.  ये भी ऊर्जा के नवीकरणीय स्रोत है |

2.  जल विधुत जल से उत्पन्न होती है |

3.  इसकी लागत कुछ सीमा तक महगी है |

MMC – meiosis, four megaspores, three degenerate, one functional develop into embryo sac, mitosis of nucleus 2- nucleate, one mitosis 4-nucleate one mitosis 8 nucleate egg apparatus polar nuclei in central cell antipodals.

Tyl was a Flemish painter. He was slim and looked like a skeleton. He always wore a cap with three feathers on it. He has a donkey named Jeff. He was cunning and tricky. He had a good sense of humor and valued his own freedom and creativity.

(d) \(\frac{25}{4}\)

Let the number of workers = x, wage per employee = Rs y

Then, total wages = Rs xy

Number of workers after increase = 1.25x

Reduced wage per employee = Rs 0.75y

\(\therefore\) Total wages = 1.25x × Rs 0.75y = 0.9375xy

\(\therefore\) Required % decrease = \(\frac{Xy-0.9375Xy}{Xy}\) x 100

= 0.0625 x 100 = 6.25

= \(\frac{25}{4}\)%

(c) 9\(\frac{1}{11}\)%

Let the altitude of the triangle be h and corresponding base = b. Then, its area =\(\frac{1}{2}\)bh, Increased altitude = 1.1h,

Area remaining same =\(\frac{1}{2}\)bh

\(\therefore\) Reduced base = \(\frac{\frac{1}{2}bh}{1.1h}\) x 2  = \(\frac{b}{2.2}\) x 2 = \(\frac{10b}{11}\)

\(\therefore\) % reduction = \(\frac{b-\frac{10}{11}b}{b}\)x 100 = \(\frac{100}{11}\)%

= \(9\frac{1}{11}\)%

(a) 7%

Let Mira’s expenditure and savings be 3x and 2x respectively

Then, her income = 5x

Increased income =\(\frac{110}{100}\) x 5x = 5.5x

Increased expenditure = \(\frac{112}{100}\) x 3x = 3.36x

\(\therefore\) Increased savings = 5.5x – 3.36x = 2.14x

\(\therefore\) % increase in savings = \(\big(\frac{2.14X-2X}{2X}\times100\big)\)%

= \(\big(\frac{0.14X}{2X}\times100\big)\)% = 7%

(a) 72%

Sushant’s marks = 1080

Mohit’s marks =\(\frac{120}{100}\)x 1080 = 1296

Let Rajesh’s marks be x. Then,

\(\frac{90X}{100}\) = 1296   \(\Rightarrow\) x =  1440

\(\therefore\) Percentage of Rajesh’s marks = \(\frac{1440}{2000}\) x 100%

= 72%

(b) 12

Let the number of buffaloes be b and 

the number of ducks be d. Then, 

Number of legs of buffaloes = 4 × b = 4b 

Number of legs of ducks = 2 × d = 2d 

Total number of heads = 2 (b + d) 

According to the question, 

4b + 2d = 2(b + d) + 24

\(\Rightarrow\) 4b + 2d = 2b + 2d + 24

\(\Rightarrow\) 2b = 24

\(\Rightarrow\) b = 12.

It states that, "pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same subshell (p, d or f) does not take place until each orbital belonging to that subshell has got one electron each i.e. it is singly occupied.”

It states that electron pairing in the degenerate orbitals does not take place until all the available orbitals contain one electron each.

Pure substance: A substance is said to be pure i.e., homogeneous when the composition doesn’t change, no matter which part of the substance you take for examination.

Centrifuge: Centrifuge ¡s a machine used to separate the mixtures like cream from milk, etc.

Evaporation: Evaporation is a technique of separation of mixtures like salt and water or sugar and water, etc.

Immiscible liquid: An immiscible liquid is one that doesn’t dissolve but forms a layer over another liquid and can be separated easily.

Correct answer is (C) 63

Option : (B) 3, 2

For 3d orbital ,

n = 3 and l = 2     (l value for d-orbital = 2)

Option : (B) 3, 2

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False
6. True.

Valmiki’s Ramayana and Mahabharata.

The word ‘Dand’ has been used in Mahabharata for a special system, which eliminates the disorderly persons and punishes the culprits.

(d) All of the above

Founders of political science have imagined the nature of a state and there has been a deep analysis on seven organs of a state, and on this basis, a state is accepted to be comprised of seven organs (Saptang) or seven Prakriti. In the Shanti Parva of Mahabharata, Shukra Niti, Kautilya’s Arthashastra and Manu Smriti, a principle of ‘Saptang’ (seven organs) of a state is accepted. 

In Mahabharata, a detailed description of seven organs are given :

1. Raja (King) 

2. Mantri (Ministers) 

3. Kosh (Treasury) 

4. Sena (Army) 

5. Durg (Fortress) 

6. Mitra (Allies) 

7. Desh (State).

There have been repeated analyses of it with the change of names in the scripture. In other episode, while using the words of Bhim, Vyasji explained with regard to duties of a king that it is appropriate for a king to safeguard seven things. These seven things are-king’s own body, Mantri, Kosh, Dand, Mitra, Rashtra and Nagar. While accepting the Saptang principle of a state in Mahabharata, there has been an indication with regard to contractual principle of nature of a state.

The line of thought propagated by Karl Marx is called scientific socialism. Marx’s outlook was purely scientific. Thinkers preceding Marx emphasis-ed on eliminating the rampant economic disparities and also for judicial and proper distribution of economic sources in the society.

Because of what reasons, this disparity is born and what is its relations with the factors of production, no definite logic was put forth regarding these questions. Marx not only exposed the defects prevalent in capitalism, but he also came out with a definite blue-print for formation of class – less society by ending capitalism.

He brought socialism out from an imaginary background and provided a scientific basis to it, terming it as Marxism. 

Len Lancaster accepts Marxism as scientific socialism because of two reasons:

1. It is based on facts, not on imagination 

2. It not merely transforms old system in a scientific way but it also adopts a scientific outlook in order to get a new system altogether. Taylor has also said that the powers which are defined in Marxism are capable to carry out social changes and these powers make it scientific.

Saptang means seven organs of a state: 

Swami, Amatya, Janapada, Durg, Kosh, Dand and Mitra.

Correct option is (b) meaning

The effect / importance /contribution of liberalism can be seen in the following spheres: 

1. Social Sphere: 

In this field, liberalism has opposed the prevalent blind faiths, conservatism, useless traditions, farces, illiteracy, hunger, etc. in the society and it has endeavored to make life pleasant. 

2. Religious Sphere: 

In this field, liberalism has laid emphasis on religious freedom and tolerance and it restricted the arbitrary attitude of the Pope in Rome. Liberals have been on the front to provide freedom to an individual in religious outlook. 

3. Political Sphere: 

In political field, liberalism supported freedom, equality, rights, tolerance, fraternity and democratic system of administration because of which various monarchical systems collapsed and there has been the formation of democratic governments on the basis of public franchise in many parts of the world. 

4. Economic Sphere: 

Liberalism has contributed a lot in economic field. It has laid stress on non – interference of state, and as a result, business links were established with the remote countries and the concept of global market got consolidated.

Even after considering an individual as an accomplishment, liberalism does not neglect social interests. Though it regards state the as means, yet it supports the restriction of freedom of individual to the point where he is entitled to get all the social benefits. In fact, liberalism draws a balanced coordination between inclusive development of an individual and welfare of the society. Liberalism is based on social welfare, and hence it can be regarded as synonymous to socialism.

As per Shukra, materialistic safety and moral development are the basis of existence of a state.

In the Mahabharata.

Origin of a state as described in Manu, Smriti Manu in Manu Smriti, has described the situation of the time before the formation of a state that there was an atmosphere of injustice, torture and insecurity in the society in a stateless situation. Those who were powerful, unleashed multiple types of torture on the weaker section of the society. In this situation, God himself created a king in order to establish peace and safety in the entire world.

The origin of a king in place of that of a state as described in Manu Smriti implies that Manu presented a king and a state in synonymous terms. But Manu has clearly differentiated between a state in the form of soverign institution and a king or administrator in the form of the operator of this institution.

Manu, while describing the divine origin of the state, says that God created a king by the amalgamation of divine elements of Indra, Vayu, Surya, Yama, Varuna, Chandrama, Agni, Prithvi and Kuber, etc. Because of these divine elements borne by the king, the king used to be glorious. Because of having brightness like the Sun, none was able to look upon him.

While describing divine obligations of a king in the form of divine elements, Manu has imposed ample moral bandages on the administrator. The ruler cannot disobey these restrictions. Manu himself has stated that if a king does not comply with divine pledges of divine elements, then he will fall down from divinity and gradually his existence will come to an end because his very formation has been done by combining the divine parts of these divine elements.

The divine nature of king as propagated by Manu imposes moral bondage on both the king and the people. In order to accomplish serious tasks, like royal obligations, a king needs to have abilities and capabilities.

Nature of state: 

There is a description of organic form of state in Manu Smriti and a state has seven elements (organs) which are called by the name, ‘Prakriti’. 

These are given below :

1. Swami (The King): 

It is mandatory for a state to have a king who is filled with moral qualities and administrative capabilities, and he is also dutiful. 

2. Mantri (Minister): 

A king’s power is not his private power, instead, it is an institutionalised power. Hence, the use of power can be done in institutional form only. This institutionalized power of a state is the council of ministers. And as such, a king should discharge his obligations on the advice of his ministers. 

3. Pur: 

Pur Means the capital of state. Manu has described such a region to be made a capital, which is well-protected and is also having fortress. 

4. Rajya (State): 

Manu terms ‘Rajya’ as the entire land area within the boundary of the state and also the people living there. And in this way, this also is an important organ of the state. 

5. Kosh (Treasury): 

A state administration should have significant collection of money (treasury), so that a king can accomplish activities with regard to safety of the people and also for welfare schemes. 

6. Dand: 

Dand or army is stated to be a must for the safety of a state. The army carries double (dual) responsibilities, as it has to deal with both internal/external security. It is expected of a king to keep all the components of the army quite strong. 

7. Mitra (Allies): 

Manu accepts ‘mitra’ as a necessary organ of a state. A state has to have relations with other states too, and therefore a king should keep or develop the relations in such a way as to maximise the number of good allies. Manu clarifies as to which organs are relatively more important and said that every prakriti (organ) has more importance than the prakriti (organ) that follows it. And as such, the king is regarded as the topmost organ. For smooth conduct of all the activities of a state, all the above organs (prakriti) should be used meticulously.

Kautilya created Arthashastra.

Answer is (ii) power

At the very opening of the poem it has been seen that the speaker is denying the king’s proposal of hiring him. This is because he believes in no power which can bind him in the shackles of bondage. This urgency of freedom in himself led him to deny the king’s proposal.

Correct option is (c) leisure

Correct option is (ii) leisure

We find them in every sphere of life.

Liberalism accepts an individual as accomplishment and a society or a state as means. According to liberals, it is the most important issue for an individual in context to his moral and spiritual welfare and development. While regarding an individual as an accomplishment, liberalism does not neglect social interests.

It supports the freedom of an individual, till it is appropriate to ensure collective interest. It emphasises on public welfare form of a state. It accepts the state as a means of public welfare. In this way, it establishes a harmony between inclusive development of personality of an individual and welfare of the society.

The Origin of a state according to Arthashastra:

Kautilya, while portraying the situation prior to a state, states that there was anarchy all over the society because of non – existence of a state and there was an atmosphere of injustice, oppression and fear all around. In order to get freed from this situation, people appointed Manu, the son of Vivaswan as the administrator and it was put in agreement that they (people) would remain loyal and obedient towards the king (administrator) and they shall provide a part of their income to the administrator so that the administrator could discharge his royal obligations.

The people accepted to give him (administrator) 6th part of the income earned from agriculture produce and 10th part of the income received from business and gold, etc. and in lieu of this, the administrator would arrange for yogkshem (acquisition of the things not available and then safety to the acquired) of the people. It is quite clear from the above analysis with regard to origin of a state that Kautilya propagated the contractual principle of a state and he accepts the origin of state an a result of social agreement.

This agreement is made between administrator and the ruled ones, wherein there are certain duties of an administrator towards the people and also there are certain rights of the people against the administrator. The use of appointing another person as a new administrator by dislodging the king by the people or by the ruled ones, indicates that Kautilya regards the people as the ultimate origin of administrative powers; and people’s consent or acceptance to be the basis of administrative power. In this way, it seems quite close to the modern democratic system.

The description of the situation made by Kautilya prior to the existence of a state is approximately identical to the description of ‘Prakriti’ done by Hobbes. Nature of state in Arthashastra Like Manu, Kautilya also accepts seven organs of a state while describing the organic form of a state. These are also called ‘Prakritis’.

1. Swami: 

Kautilya accepts Swami or king as a supreme part of a state. It is the king who is ultimately responsible for the execution of all state-related obligations. Kautilya has desired a king to be of high moral character, and having quality attributes. 

2. Amatya: 

Kautilya terms amatya or minister as an important part of a state, because the state’s power is not the personal power of a king, instead, it is an institutional power. Kautilya has recommended capable persons to be appointed as ministers. 

3. Janapada: 

What Kautilya meant by Janapada is boundaries of a state and the people living within. Kautilya has described a Janapada which can be equated with modern district-like administrative unit. 

4. Durg: 

With security point of view, Kautilya accepts a ‘Durg’ as an important part. According to him, forts should be built along the boundaries of a state and also in the centre of the boundaries, choosing appropriate spots. 

These forts may be of four types: 

• Audak Durg, which has inundation of water from all the sides. 
• Parvat Durg, that which has stone ramparts on all the four sides. 
• Dhanvan Durg, that which is build on an open field. 
• Van Durg, that which is having dense forests on all the sides. These forts can be used for different purposes. 

5. Kosh: 

Kautilya regards Kosh (treasury) as very important for accomplishing state – related responsibilities and it also advised the king that he should try to continuously increase the treasury by all possible means. Appropriate persons should be appointed to operate the treasury. 

6. Dand: 

The military power of a state is defined as ‘Dand’ by Kautilya, which is quite necessary for internal and external security of a state. 

7. Mitra: 

Kautilya has advised that a king should implement such diplomatic policies on international front that the number of the allies increases and the number of his enemies lessens.

D. Being blind for a day

Liberalism is an important and progressive thought of modern age. This is not only a thought, but it is a lifestyle and movement also, which negates the medieval orthodox line of thought and adopts new thoughts. This word is derived from a Latin word, meaning freedom. In this way, the meaning of liberalism is a line of thought having faith in democratic system and it constitutionally supports optimum freedom in one’s life in the fields of articulation, dignity, rights, expression, exchange of thoughts, faith, business and cooperation, etc.

This line of thought has belief in one’s welfare, dignity and freedom. This thought believes in lawful and rational system of administration. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, “Liberalism is a thought in the form of philosophy or principle, which is committed to the freedom in the light of principle of organization of society in the policy of the government and also in the lifestyle of society”. According to Satori, “In simple words, liberalism is a principle of behaviour of personal freedom, judicial safety and constitutional state”.

Main Characteristics of Liberalism: 

The following are the main characteristics of liberalism: 

1. Liberalism is such a line of thought which supports consistent improvements on the basic of rationality in social, economic and religious domains. 

2. This thought emphasizes on the individual freedom of a person. 

3. This doctrine adopts the policy of free trade in economical field and minimum state intervention. 

4. The thought of liberalism has faith in constant improvement by parliamentary and legal methods in the field of politics. That is, liberalism is a mixture of two separate elements in the form of political principles 

• Democracy. 
• Individualism

5. This thought gives special importance to the freedom of citizens. 

6. This line of thought has faith in the progress of human society. 

7. Liberalism is such a mental tendency which mulls over social, political and economical questions freely with an open mindset. On the basis of wisdom and logic, it observes all the institutions in the context of social interests and it tries to weed out any evils found in its course. It lays stress on all – round development of an individual. 

8. This thought does not regard state as a necessary evil, instead it thinks a state to be a moral, public welfare and social service institution. It regards a state as a coordinating institution. As per it conception, state establishes coordination between people of different communities, classes and interests. 

9. Liberalism in the context of its development, is divided into two parts: 

• Traditional liberalism or negative liberalism 
•  Modern or positive liberalism. Traditional liberalism gives much importance to the belief that a state has to adopt positive role in controlling and balancing mutual relations among the persons.