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The correct option is: (a) Only 1

Explanation:

Sodium sulphate and sodium silicate are added to keep the washing powder dry.

Sodium triphosphate or sodium carbonate is added to washing powder to maintain the alkalinity. 

The correct option is b) Pandemic.

The correct option is: (d) 3, 4, 1, 2

Explanation:

Somatic cells undergo mitosis during the cell cycle. The phase in which the cells undergo division is called M-phase. The first stage of this phase is prophase, the second is metaphase in which the chromosomes come and lie at the equatorial plate. This stage is followed by anaphase in which the sister chromatids separate out and go to the poles. The telophase is the last stage when the cell’s cytoplasm is divided to give rise to two daughter cells.

The correct potion is:(b) 1 and 2 only

Explanation

The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. The nucleus was the first organelle to be discovered. The oldest description of the nucleus was given by Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632– 1723). But the nucleus was described in more detail for the first time in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown in a talk at the Linnean Society of London. Lysosomes are found in animal cells but their presence in yeasts and plant cells is disputed.

The correct option is: (a) 1 2 3 4

Explanation:

Andrews is one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants. These are the members of the family Droseraceae. So, Drosera is a sundew carnivorous plant. Dionaea is the member of the family Tachinidae, commonly called as Venus flytrap. Utricularia is a member of the family Lentibulariaceae, which are carnivorous, plants commonly known as bladderworts. found in old world tropics. Nepenthes are genera comprising tropical carnivorous plants and also known as monkey cups. These are generally 

The correct option is: (a) 2 1 3 4

Explanation:

 NBRI — Lucknow, 

CPRI — Shimla, 

 CRRI — Cuttack, 

 CFRI — Dehradun

Following are sources of raising borrowed funds 

 i. loans from commercial banks.

ii. Loans from financial institution. 

iii. Issue of debentures 

iv. Public deposits.

v. trade credit.

Following are advantages of telephonic conversation as a means of business communication

i. It helps in establishing instant contact between parties.

ii. It helps in establishing long distance communication through STD and international communication through ISD.

iii. Nowadays, mobile phones are very popular as they give an access to the receiver at anytime, anywhere. They also provide many modern features like SMS, Multimedia messaging services. 

The following are the disadvantages of vending machines because of which Shyam is not ready to use vending machines.

i. Initial investment in a machine is very high. 

ii, The machine requires regular repairs and maintenance. 

iii. Since the stock holding capacity of the machine is limited, it required frequent loading of stock. 

iv. The coins or tokens used for this machine are required to be collected periodically. 

v. Consumer cannot feel or see product before buying & do not have opportunity of returning unwanted product. vi. Special package have to be developed for machines.

Following goods are suitable for mail order business. 

i. Light weight goods and the ones that occupy less space. Bulky goods cannot be sold this way. 

ii. Durable and non-perishable goods.

iii. Goods having high demand in the market. 

iv. Goods having delivery charges relatively lower than their price.

Following are the features of personal selling. 

i. Personal Form. 

ii. Development of relationship. Following are the merits of personal selling. 

i. Flexibility. 

ii. Direct Feedback. 

iii. Minimum wastage.

The American marketing association defines advertising as “any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor.” Following are the points of importance of advertising.

i. Mass reach. 

ii. Enhancing customer satisfaction and confidence. 

iii. Expressiveness. 

iv. Economy.

a. Oral/Verbal communication: Communication with the help of words is known as oral/verbal communication. It may be in the form of lectures, meetings, group discussions, conferences, telephonic conversations, radio messages, etc.

b. Written communication: In written communication message is transmitted through written words in the form of letters, memos, circulars, notices, reports, manuals, handbooks, etc.

Following are the characteristics of a multinational company. 

i. They have huge financial resources; 

ii. They generally enter into foreign collaboration with Indian companies. 

iii. They possess advanced technology. 

iv. They are engaged in product innovation. 

v. The marketing strategies of global companies are far more effective than other companies.

vi. They expand their market territory beyond the physical boundaries of their country. 

A. The hire purchase system is essentially a contract for hiring of goods. The ownership rights remain with the seller and the customer exercises his option for purchasing the goods. The buyer can return the goods at any stage. The seller can also take back the goods in case of non-payment. 

B. When goods are sold and payment is agreed to be made in installments, it is known as installment payment system. In this case if there is default in payment of any installment by the buyer, the seller cannot ask for the goods to be returned as the ownership rights pass to be buyer when goods are sold and initial payment is made. The seller can only sue the buyer in a law court for payment of the balance due

The two sources of finance she can use to expand her business are Share capital- Capital obtained by issue of equity shares and preference shares is called the share capital. Equity share capital is the prerequisite for the formation of a company. The preference this shareholder enjoy a preferential position over the equity shareholders and Retained earnings. A portion of the net earnings may be retained in the business for use in the future. This is known as retained earnings. 

The correct option is: (b) 14 g of haemoglobin/100 g of blood

(d) the guard cells become more turgid and the stomatal apertures open.

(a) release of sex pheromones by the bitch during breeding

(a) of about 10 million species probably alive today, some 20 species are lost every day, most of them unknown because no more then half a million have yet been actually identified by scientists.

The correct option is: (d) Rh⁺ male and Rh^– female

Explanation:

Rh factor is a protein found in blood. A person having Rh factor in blood is called Rh positive whereas that who does not carry this protein in the blood is called Rh negative. Marriage should be avoided in between Rh negative female & Rh positive male. This can be fatal for the mother as well as the baby of such parents. 

The correct option is: (d) be passed only from father to son

If all the reactants and products present in an equilibrium mixture are in same 

phase → homogeneous equilibrium. 

Example: N_2(g) + 3H_2(g)  ⇌ 2NH_3(g)

If all the reactants and products present in an equilibrium mixture are indifferent phase → heterogeneous equilibrium. 

Example: CaCO_{3 (s)} ⇌ CaO_(s) + CO_2(g)

(a) According to Le Chatelier’s principle, on addition of H₂, the equilibrium of the given reaction will shift in the forward direction. 

(b) On addition of CH₃OH, the equilibrium will shift in the backward direction. 

(c) On removing CO, the equilibrium will shift in the backward direction. 

(d) On removing CH₃OH, the equilibrium will shift in the forward direction. 

Father(s) of modern chemistry:
Antoine Lavoisier
Robert Boyle
Jöns Berzelius
John Dalton

The difference between Alchemy and Chemistry are-

• Alchemy is the predecessor to modern chemistry. Many discoveries by alchemist were later used in chemistry.  

• Alchemy was based more on experimentation and had little basis in science. Chemistry utilizes both experimentation and scientific practices.  

• Modern chemistry basically relies on scientific theories and experimental results, but the alchemy was a blend of myths, religion, magic, astrology, philosophy, and spirituality.  

• Modern chemistry has so many practical applications, the era of alchemy can be considered as the beginning of this period.

Difference between atoms and molecules are as follows:

The correct option is: (c) (i) and (iv)

Explanation:

Sensory neurons carry signals from receptors to spinal cord. Motor neurons carry signals from spinal cord to the effector muscles which take action accordingly.

The correct option is: (c) (ii) and (iii)

Explanation:

The fore-brain is the main thinking part of the brain. Cerebellum controls the posture and balance of the body.

The correct option is: (a) i and ii are correct

The correct option is: (d) (ii) and (iv)

Explanation:

During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward. This increases the space in the chest cavity and thus the lungs expand. The inter coastal muscles contract to pull the rib cage upward and outward. 

The correct option is: (d) 3 4 2 1

Explanation:

Leprosy is caused by bacteria, Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Measles is caused by virus. Kala-ajar is caused by protozoa of genus Leishmania. Athlete's foot is caused by fungi Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton sp.

The correct option is: (c) Antiseptic — Aspirin

Explanation

Antipyretics are drugs or herbs that reduce fever. Paracetamol or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol is used as an antipyretic. Antifoaming agent is a chemical that reduces foam formation, is chemically polydimethylsiloxanes or polyamides, silicones. Aspirin is a salicylate drug, used as an analgesic. Saframycin, rifamycin, etc. are antiseptics. Calciferol is antirachitic. Antipyretics are drugs or herbs that reduce fever. Paracetamol or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol is used as an antipyretic. Antifoaming agent is a chemical that reduces foam formation, is chemically polydimethylsiloxanes or polyamides, silicones. Aspirin is a salicylate drug, used as an analgesic. Saframycin, rifamycin, etc. are antiseptics. Calciferol is antirachitic.

The correct option is:(c) 4 1 2 3

Explanation:

Night blindness is caused by deficiency of vitamin-A. Deficiency of vitamin D causes rickets. Deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy. Deficiency of vitamin B causes beri-beri.

The correct option is: (b) 2 1 3 4

Explanation:

Marasmus is caused by protein deficiency in under five years children. Kwashiorkor is deficiency of proteins, energy malnutrition caused by prolonged starvation. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium infection. Hepatitis B is a viral disease.

(d) All the statements given in ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ are correct about the components of the Robots.

Perimeter of square = side × 4

64m = side × 4

Transposing 4 to the RHS,

64/4 = side

side = 16m

Area of square = side × side

Therefore,

Area = 16m × 16m

Area = 256 m²

Area of plot = 256 m²

The typical ionization energy of a donor in silicon is 0.1 eV.

Conductance serves as the measure of how efficiently electricity travels along a particular pathway via an electrical component. It is measured by the SI unit siemens.

The correct option is: (c) (iii) and (iv)

Explanation:

In 90 / 38Sr ²⁺ , 

Atomic number = no. of protons = 38 

Preet Mohan Singh has a new hobby.

He likes catching butterflies.

But he practices his hobby in a different way.

The correct option is: (a) 2 1 4 3

explanation:

Werner Arber along with American researchers Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans, had won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of restriction endonucleases. For the first time, Feldmann and Marks had demonstrated the production of transgenic plants without invitro step. They just grew the Arabidopsis seeds with the gene containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Kary Mullis is the inventor of the technique PCR for in vitro synthesis of DNA fragments. Reverse transcriptase was discovered by Howard Temin and independently isolated by David Baltimore in 1970.

Cretinism is a medical condition present at birth wherein there is a decreased or absent thyroid function and thyroid hormone production.

The two causes of Cretinism are :

(a) The primary failure of thyroid gland itself.
(b) An inadequate supply of iodine in diet or otherwise.

OBJECTIVE OF WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT (1972) :

 1.The sections in this schedule give absolute protection to certain species and these cannot be infringed on any account. 

2. By this act government provide security to animals that are not in danger of becoming extinct.

3. This act also delineates animals that can be hunted like ducks and deer’s. For this purpose the hunter has to apply for a license to the District Forest Officer who will allow a hunter to shoot during a specific season and restricted area. Any infringement can lead to cancellation of the hunting license.

4. It also concerns cultivation and plant life and gives teeth to setting up more protected animal parks.

The Indian Wild life protection act is a god send for wild life conservation in India and gives sweeping powers to law enforcement authorities to punish anybody guilty under the act.

• Oxidative decarboxylation is the process in which pyruvate is first decarboxylated (removal of carbon) and then oxidised in the presence of NAD⁺ and enzyme pyruvic dehydrogenase.
• Pyruvic acid is converted into 2C-acetate.
• The enzyme is pyruvic dehydrogenase.

Photorespiration is a respiratory process in many higher plants. This is also known as the oxidative photosynthetic,  or C2 photosynthesis or carbon cycle.  

• Photorespiration is a wasteful pathway that occurs when the Calvin cycle enzyme rubisco acts on oxygen rather than carbon dioxide.  
• The majority of plants are C3​ plants, which have no special features to combat photorespiration.  
• Plants minimize photorespiration by separating initial CO2​ fixation and the Calvin cycle in space, performing these steps in different cell types.
• Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants minimize photorespiration and save water by separating these steps in time, between night and day.

The correct option is:(d) 3 4 2 1

Explanation;

Transduction and conjugation were discovered by Joshua Lederberg. Morgan investigated the sex-linked inheritance in Drosophila. In 1956, Arthur Kornberg and colleagues had discovered the enzyme DNA polymerase I, also known as Pol I, in Escherichia coli. Hargobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W. Holley were given the Nobel Prize for their work on the discovery of the genetic code in 1968.

An action potential is a rapid rise and subsequent fall in voltage or membrane potential across a cellular membrane with a characteristic pattern. Sufficient current is required to initiate a voltage response in a cell membrane; if the current is insufficient to depolarize the membrane to the threshold level, an action potential will not fire. Examples of cells that signal via action potentials are neurons and muscle cells. 

This starts with a channel opening for Na⁺ in the membrane. Because the concentration of Na⁺ is higher outside the cell than inside the cell by a factor of 10, ions will rush into the cell that is driven largely by the concentration gradient. Because sodium is a positively charged ion, it will change the relative voltage immediately inside the cell relative to immediately outside. The resting potential is the state of the membrane at a voltage of -70 mV, so the sodium cation entering the cell will cause it to become less negative. This is known as depolarization, meaning the membrane potential moves toward zero.

Pressing of Woolens:

Many of you might not have put that much effort into pressing when you have made your garments before. As if it is not enough that you have to sew the seams and then perhaps fell them. That you then should use a lot of time to press the seams might seem like taking it one step to far. But I promise that it is well worth the time.

The secret of pressing is “let it cool down”. Note that I say pressing and not ironing. Iron is what you do with a finished garment, but when working on a garment you press it. The difference is that when pressing you add actual weight on the iron, pressing the seams down and letting it take its time. When ironing you only go over the surface lightly. That is also why pressing irons are so much heavier then ordinary irons, depending on what they are for they weigh from 1,5kg up to 5kg. But you can use a regular iron to press the seams as well, you just have to add the weight by pressing it down with your hand.