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Range=( -infinity ,infinity)

Domain =(2n+1) pi/2

Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a software application that combines all of the features and tools needed by a software developer. It's graphical in nature, meaning that it uses windows and controls like buttons to display information and accept input from the user. For example, tools can include:

• A text editor: a window for the input, arrangement, and commenting of programming language code.
• A project editor: a window that lists all of the files that make up the software project.

r₂-r₁=[(0.529*4)-(0.529*1)]=

r₂-r₁=0.529A(4-1)

r₂-r₁₌0.529A(n1+n2)

Dense and efficient network of transport and communication enhances national and international trade in the following ways:
1. Exchange of goods between producers and consumers occurs in a market. Roads and railways provide easy accessibility of people to various market locations which enhance national trade.
2. Means of mass communication such as television, radio and newspaper advertise various products which help in various trade activities.
3. Waterways ensure the transportation of heavy raw materials and finished goods from one location to the other.
4. Trade between two countries is known as international trade. Due to various means of transport such as air and water, international trade has increased tremendously among the countries.

Es=% change in supply divided by % change in price 

% 50\25%= 2 

2 will be the elasticity 

The Values are : 

(i) The rulers elected by the people must take all the major decisions. 

(ii) Elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.

(iii) This choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on an equal basis. 

(iv) The exercise of this choice must lead to a government limited by basic rules of the constitution and citizen's rights.

 (a) Banks keep a small proportion of their deposit as cash with themselves.

(b) Major portion of the deposit is used for extending loans. 

(c) The banks mediate between depositors and borrowers in this way. 

(d) They charge high rate of interest on loans than what they offer on deposits.

A commercial bank is a financial institution which performs the functions of accepting deposits from the general public and giving loans for investment with the aim of earning profit.  In fact, commercial banks, as their name suggests, axe profit-seeking institutions, i.e., they do banking business to earn profit.

They generally finance trade and commerce with short-term loans. They charge high rate of interest from the borrowers but pay much less rate of Interest to their depositors with the result that the difference between the two rates of interest becomes the main source of profit of the banks. 

Most of the Indian joint stock Banks are Commercial Banks such as Punjab National Bank, Allahabad Bank, Canara Bank, Andhra Bank, Bank of Baroda, etc.

Tertiary sector is growing rapidly because:

(i) India’s economy is growing fast. Several services like hospital, educational institutions,post, telegraph, police, courts, municipality, transport, banks, insurance etc are needed.
(ii) Development of agriculture and industry lead to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage etc, so these would be in greater demand.
(iii) As income level increases certain sections of people start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospital etc.
(iv) Certain new services have emerged like information and communication technology which have become important.

Charles Wood was the President of the Board of Control (Introduced through Pitt’s India Act, 1784) of English East India Company. He had also been the Secretary of the state of India.  He had a great impact on disseminating education in India.

In 1854 he sent a despatch to Lord Dalhousie, the then Governor-General of India. Wood’s despatch suggested that primary schools must Adopt vernacular languages. Through the despatch, he also suggested that high schools use anglo-vernacular medium and that English should be the medium for college-level education. Hence, the Wood’s Despatch is considered as ‘Magna-Carta’ of English Education in India.

Features of Wood’s Despatch
As the Wood’s Despatch promoted education rejecting the ‘downward filtration theory‘, aspirants should know all the spheres where the despatch had an impact on:

1. Primary Education

• Vernacular languages were to be promoted
• Education Department was to set up in every province
• At least one government school be opened in every district
• Systematic method of education

2. Higher Education

• Universities on the model of the London university be established in big cities like Bombay, Madras and Calcutta
• Systematic method of education

3. Women’s Education

• Promoted female education on all levels

4. Hierarchy in education was systemised

• Primary schools in villages (Bottom)
• Anglo-Vernacular High Schools
• Affiliated colleges at district level
• Affiliating universities in the presidency towns

5. English Education

• English was made the medium of instruction for higher studies

6. Vernacular Education

• Vernacular languages (spoken by the common masses) to be promoted at primary level

7. Teachers’ training

• Promotion and stress on teachers’ training at all levels

8. Secular Education to be promoted
9. Grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise.

They criticized the Moderates for their policy of prayers. They argued that people should not believe on the so called good intentions of the government and must fight for swaraj.

(a) Lt. Governor of Punjab - Reginald Dyer

A trust is a legal arrangement where certain persons (called trustees) hold property for the benefit of others (called beneficiaries).

A trust is usually established by way of a trust deed - a document setting out the rules for the trust, signed by the persons putting assets into the trust (called the settlors) and the trustees. The most common type of trust in New Zealand is a discretionary family trust, which usually has family members as beneficiaries.

Once assets are transferred to the trustees, the settlors lose legal ownership of the transferred assets. The trustees then become the legal owners, with an obligation to act in the best interests of the beneficiaries and in line with the terms of the trust deed, the Trustee Act 1956 and common law. A new Trustee Act has been proposed, which will provide more clarity to trustees and beneficiaries of their rights and obligations. That proposal imposes a duty on trustees to disclose the existence of the trust to its beneficiaries, which will be a significant departure from the current law.

Beneficiaries are the only people entitled to benefit from a trust’s assets. It is common for those establishing a trust to be both trustees and beneficiaries, but most trusts will have at least one independent trustee (a trustee who is not a beneficiary).

When a trust is established, it is vital that proper consideration is given to who the beneficiaries should be, who the trustees should be and who will have the power to appoint and remove trustees (both now and in the future). To do so, it is important to understand the roles, responsibilities and rights of each participant in the trust, and to take advice from experts. It is also important to ensure trustees are actively involved in the management of the trust. Most trusts provide for unanimous decision making by the trustees. Trustees will usually have a meeting at least once a year, and must be involved in any decisions regarding the trust’s assets.

Lyton was not associated with the Ilbert bill.

Indian nation congress organizations was the first organised expression of the Indian national movement.

8% of Drain in India’s national income by the end of 19^th century.

The revolutionary Jatin Das laid down his life after a 63 day fast.

 1893 Gandhi go to South Africa.

The Khudai Khidmatgars were also known as Red shirts.

Ram Singh was the chief inspirator of the kuka movement.

Bakht khan brought the Bareilly troops to Delhi.

Drain theory was propounded by Naoroji.

23 March 1931 were Bhaagat Singh, Sukhdev and Raj Guru executed.

Kuka movement was also known as the Namdhari Mission.

Annie Besant brought out a daily called new India.

Lord Curzon was responsible for partition of Bengal.

Ranade was the political guru of Gokhale.

1853 the first railway line opened to traffic in India.

The first Indian national congress consisted of 72 delegates.

The Nehru Report was finalized in May 1928.

Sarojini Naidu was the first women president of the Indian national congress.

King Emperor George V visited India in 1911.

Wellesley introduced the permanent settlement of Land Revenue.

Hari sing the ruler of Kashmir at the time of independence.

The neo imperialist historians also known as Cambridge.

Zamindars the British government work out the riotwari settlement.

16^th October 1905 was the year Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal.

Mount batten plan is also known as June 3^rd plan.

Amruta pritam was a Punjabi writer.

Lawyers sections of the Indian middle class dominated the congress in its early phase.

The interim government was formed in the year 1946.

W.C. Banerjee the first president of I.N.C.

A.V. Alexander was a member of Cabinet Mission.

The interim cabinet was headed by Nehru.

Some hints of congress programme for the quit India movement was given in the paper Harijan.

The direct action day of Muslim league was 16 August 1946.