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Studying history helps us understand how events in the past made things the way they are today. With lessons from the past, we not only learn about ourselves and how we came to be, but also develop the ability to avoid mistakes and create better paths for our societies.

Through history, we can learn how past societies, systems, ideologies, governments, cultures and technologies were built, how they operated, and how they have changed. The rich history of the world helps us to paint a detailed picture of where we stand today.

Studying history helps us understand how events in the past made things the way they are today. With lessons from the past, we not only learn about ourselves and how we came to be, but also develop the ability to avoid mistakes and create better paths for our societies.

According to Herodotus, “History is a record of great heroes and unique events to be remembered by the future generations”. St. Augustine says that “History is the story of the struggle between God and Satan, which would ultimately end in the victory of God (good) over Satan (evil)”. According to the German Philosopher and Economist Karl Marx, “History is a story of the struggle between the haves and have nots”.

According to J.B. Bury, “History is a science; no less and no more”. Thomas Carlyle says “Great personalities are no more, but, history and autobiography of such personalities are still there”. According to Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, “Those who forget history cannot create history”. In general, history is understood as a record of past events.

1. History is the memory of the past events: The study of history gives us information about the biographies of great men and a record of major events of the world. According to Will Durant, “A country’s past is like an individual’s memory. If memory goes, sanity goes with it”. Hayes and Moon wrote, “As memory is to man, History is to mankind”.

2. History helps to broaden our outlook: The study of history helps us to get knowledge about the people of different countries, traditions, customs, cultures and civilizations. Thus it broadens the outlook of mankind. The details recorded in history relating to Art, Architecture, Literature and Religion expands one’s horizon of knowledge.

3. History promotes international peace: The world has already witnessed the misgivings of the two World Wars. If another war takes place in the future, it would destroy the whole world. History has pointed out that unawareness of the culture of other countries and narrow nationalism has lead to such wars. Today, there is a great deal of competition among different countries in possessing nuclear weapons and war equipment. For the development of cordial relations between nations, the study of world history is the need of the hour.

4. History has Professional uses: It is a competitive world. History is the main core subject for the competitive examinations like IAS, IPS, IFS, KAS, etc. Historical knowledge is a matter of necessity for Students, Teachers, Lawyers, Journalists, Administrators and Statesmen. Thousands of historians are working in the Department of Archaeological Survey of India under Central and State Governments. New job opportunities have opened up for the students of history at Museums, Archives, Tourism development and related fields. Thus, history has professional uses.

Herodotus was a Greek historian who lived in the 5^th century BCE. He has contributed richly to History and Anthropology. He is believed to have initiated the writing of history and hence he has been regarded as ‘The Father of History’. He travelled widely in Greece and West Asia. He collected information of the Greek City-States and wrote nine volumes.

One of them, The History of Persian Wars’ deals with the wars between Persians and the Greeks. His work was the earliest writing on history. According to him, “History is a record of great heroes and unique events to be remembered by the future generations”. 

In this definition, Herodotus has focused his thoughts on the achievements of great men and important events from which the succeeding generations can learn.

Karl Marx was a German Philosopher, Economist, Sociologist, Historian, Journalist, and Revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the establishment of the social sciences and the development of the socialist movement. He is also considered as one of the greatest economists in history. He enunciated a new economic interpretation of the definition of history.

According to him, “History is a story of the struggle between the haves and have nots”. In this definition, Marx emphasizes on the struggle between the haves and have nots i.e., the rich and the poor. He argues that there is a constant conflict between the exploiters and exploited. He wrote two great works namely, ‘Das Capital’ and ‘Communist Manifesto’.

During the long history of mankind, until people learned to produce food, they found their food by collecting the flesh of dead animals, hunting animals and collecting roots or fruits from plants. They had learned to make stone weapons and communicate with one another. Later man began to get food by means of agriculture, and domesticating and growing animals But they continued hunting and gathering food. Even today we nd hunter-gatherer communities in some parts of the world.

Given:

Speeds are 66 km/h and 33 km/h and distance is same both times.

Formula used:

If two different speed are given but travel equal distance, then average speed is calculation as follows:

Average speed = 2(Product of speeds)/(Sum of speeds)

Calculation:

Average speed = 2(66 × 33)/(66 + 33)

⇒ 4356/99

⇒ 44 km/h

Alternative method:

Let the distance travel in each speed is 66 km.

Average speed = Total distance travelled/Total time taken

⇒ [(66 + 66)]/[(66/66) + (66/33)]

⇒ 132/3

The first proofs of man’s making and using working stone tools were got from Ethiopia and Kenya. We don’t know if these tools were made by man, woman or both. Most likely both men and women made such tools. Women must have made these tools to earn their food and also food their children after they had stopped breastfeeding them.

The fossils of man, stone weapons and cave drawings or pictures help us to understand the history of man. But in the beginning, many scholars were not willing . to understand or acknowledge the importance of these discoveries. They even refused to acknowledge that they were the fossils of early people. They were doubtful about the capacity of the early people to make stone weapons and to draw pictures, it was after a long time that the scholars recognized the importance of the discoveries.

It is from the fossils that we get the evidence for the evolution of man. The time of the fossil can be determined through chemical testing. Otherwise by examining the remnants of the stone in which the. fossils are found their time can be established. Once the time of the fossils is determined, the order of the human evolution can be found out.

The cotton industry had two special features. 

1. Cotton had to be completely imported. The major portion of the cloth made from this was fully exported. This: helped in maintaining the colonization process. To get raw materials and to’ sell the finished goods, control over the colonies was essential.

2. The cotton industry largely depended on the work of women and children in factories. This showed the cruel face of the early industrialization.

Against the evils of industrialization, there were strong protests in England as well as in other industrialized societies. The slogans of the French Revolution “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” gave these movements impetus. The French Revolution had shown the way for fighting for organizing democratic institutions,

controlling the price of essential things like bread and to reduce the sufferings caused by wars.

Political protests against the adverse conditions in the factories of England were getting stronger. Workers also demanded the right to vote. The British government first tried to suppress these movements. It brought hew laws preventing the people from protesting.

Between 1792 and 1815, there were constant wars between England and France. As a result, European trade suffered. Factories had to close down. Unemployment increased. The prices of essential things like bread and meat skyrocketed.

In 1795, the British government passed two Combination Acts. The Combination acts said that any writing or speech against the king, constitution or government is against the law. The Parliament; banned any unpermitted meeting of more than 50 persons. But the protests against government policies continued. The Parliament which included landowners, producers and professionals were against giving voting right to the workers. It also backed the anti-people Corn Laws.

The workers in the factories and cities started expressing their anger in many ways. From 1790 there were many ‘Bread Riots’ throughout Britain. The main food of the poor people was bread. The increase in its price troubled them. People captured hoarded bread and distributed it among people at reasonable prices. This was a big blow to the greedy merchants. The ‘bread riots’ continued until 1840. 

The Enclosure Movement started by the rich in the early 1700s increased the misery of the common people. Rich landowners bought pieces of land from small farmers and increased the size of their farms which were protected by enclosures (walls). This also adversely affected poor people. They were forced to work in industries.

The introduction of machines in the cotton industry j destroyed the livelihood of many. Thousands of J weavers lost their jobs. They became poor. In the 1790s, the weavers began to demand the legal minimum wages. The Parliament was not ready to make such laws. Against this, the weavers started protests. The government dismissed them from their jobs by force. The desperate workers destroyed power looms. They believed that it was the machines that destroyed their means of livelihood. Workers made strong resistance against mechanization in the wool industry at Nottingham. There were also protests in Leicestershire and Derbyshire.

The workers in Yorkshire who traditionally sheared (cut) the wool from sheep destroyed the shearing frames that were brought for this purpose. In the 1830s, workers in the fields protested against the threshing, machines. They destroyed the machines that were a threat to their jobs. 9 of the protesters were hanged. 450 were deported to Australia as criminals.

Luddism was another Movement that was started against industrialization. Workers who thought that machines were the cause of all their troubles started this movement with the plan of destroying them. This Movement was begun under General Nel Ludd. England suppressed this moment by using the army. Luddism was not a movement that merely wanted to destroy machines. The members of this group demanded minimum wages. They also wanted to stop the exploitation of women and children in the factories and other workplaces. They were interested in the formation of labour organizations.

In the initial years of industrialization, workers did not have voting rights. They had no other way of expressing their anger and despair. In August 1819, there was a big meeting at St. Peters Field in which more than 80,000 people came. They demanded democratic rights like the right to call public meetings, to organize political groups and freedom . of the press. Army rushed to the scene and brutally attacked those attending the meeting. This incident is known as Peterloo Massacre. [Rejecting all the demands of the workers, that year itself the Parliament passed “Six Acts”. The Combination Acts of 1795, which prohibited workers from taking part in political activities, were strictly enforced. 

However, the Peterloo Massacre made some gains:

1. All the liberal political groups approved the idea of increasing the number of representatives in the House of Commons. 

2. In 1824, the Combination Acts were repealed.

The term Industrial Revolution was first used by George Michel of France and Frederick Engels of Germany. In English language, it was used for the first time by Sir Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) who was a great thinker and economist. He used this term to describe the changes that took place in England between 1760 and 1820. On this subject, he delivered a series of lectures in Oxford University. After his death, these lectures were published in a book form with the title Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England: Popular Address, Notes, and other Fragments. It was this book that popularised the term Industrial Revolution.

Homo Erectus: 

The origin of this species was 1.8 million years ago. Homo Erectus, which means upright man, is the direct predecessor of modem man. It was Homo Erectus that discovered the use of re and started using clothes. This human race, which appeared in Africa, was interested in migration. From Africa they spread to Europe and Asia.

Homo Sapiens:

This humankind appeared on earth after the homo erectus. Their origin was in Africa some 8 lakh years ago. Just like the homo erectus, the homo sapiens also moved to Europe and Asia. They were known as “Wise or Thinking Man”.

Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem that shows the love and pride the Mesopotamians felt for their cities. This poem has 12 parts and it is at the end of the poem that their pride for their cities has been shown. Gilgamesh was the king of the city of Uruk. He was a great warrior and he conquered even faraway places.

The death of his close friend was a turning point in the fe of Gilgamesh. f he shock inflicted on him by v the death of his friend persuaded him to embark on a journey seeking the mystery of immortality. He crossed mountains and seas, but his journey was a failure and he returned to his city Uruk. He tried to console and comfort himself by walking on the city wall this way and that way.

The wall was built with baked bricks and he looked at the base of the wall with admiration. He wrote the epic poem sitting on the wall. He was able to nd consolation by unburdening his load of sorrow bn the wall which his people had built. The pride he felt helped him to overcome his sorrow. The epic of Gilgamesh makes it clear that the city was like life-giving oxygen to the Mesopotamians.

Coal and iron ore were essential for the. manufacture of machines were plenty in England. Materials like black lead, copper and white lead which were extensively used in industries were also plenty in the country. But until the 18^th century, there was a shortage of “usable iron”. Iron was made by melting iron ore into a liquid state and then separating the pure iron from it. To melt iron ore charcoal was used. There were many problems with this. Since charcoal was brittle, it was difficult to transport charcoal to faraway places. Because of the impurities in it, the iron produced this way was not of high quality. Moreover charcoal could not produce high heat. Because of the large scale deforestation, there was a shortage of charcoal.

The solution to this problem was found by the Darby family of Shropshire. In 50 years, three generations of this family (grandfather, father, and son) brought a revolution in the rening of iron. 

In 1709, Abraham Darby (1677-1717) developed the first blast furnace which could maintain a very high degree of heat. In it, coke could be used. Coke was made by removing the sulphur and other impurities from coal. With this, there was no need for charcoal. The iron that was made from the blast furnace of Darby was strong and of a higher quality. 

Darby II(1711-1768) made cast iron from iron. This would not break easily. Henry Court (1740-1823) made two important discoveries – the puddling furnace to remove impurities from pig iron and the rolling mill to produce rails. These discoveries helped in producing many different kinds of iron products.

Industrial Revolution started in Britain. There are many factors that helped Britain to become the first industrial nation.

1. Political stability:  As England, Wales and Scotland came together under a single long, there has been political stability in Britain since the 17^th century. The country had common laws and a unified currency system. The market in the country had a national character. Since regional authorities did not impose taxes on goods, there ‘ was no price increase. This kind of political stability helped Britain.

2. Wide use of money:  Since the 17^th century, money had been used extensively as a means of transaction. With this, a lot of people began to get cash as wages and salaries instead of goods. By using this cash, people could buy any goods of their choice. This enlarged the market and it helped the Industrial Revolution.

3. The Influence of the Agricultural Revolution: Prior to the Industrial Revolution, there was an agricultural, revolution in Britain. Big landowners bought the small pieces around them and enclosed the fields with fences. Thus there were big estates that helped in the increased production of foodstuff. The people who earned their livelihood by grazing cattle in the open fields could not continue to do so and they became jobless. They went into big cities seeking jobs. By providing raw materials and labour, the agricultural revolution helped the Industrial Revolution.

4. Cities, trade and wealth: The growth of cities and trade and the availability of wealth helped the Industrial Revolution. From the 18^th century, cities have been growing in Europe. Out of the 19^th metropolises, 11 were in Britain. London was the biggest. London became a center of all the markets in the country.

In 1819 laws were passed prohibiting the employment of children below the age of 9 in factories. The working time of children between 9 and 16 was fixed as 12 hours per day. But this rule was not effectively implemented.

Workers in the northern regions of England had. carried out intense protests against the existing conditions. As a result, in 1833, the British Parliament passed a factory law. This law prohibited the employment of children below the age of 9 in silk factories and cotton mills. The time of work for the children was fixed at 8 hours per day. There was also a condition to appoint factory inspectors to ensure that the laws were kept.

Marking the end of 3 decades of protests in 1847 the “Ten Hours Bill” was passed. By this law the working time was limited. Men had to work only for 10 hours.

The correct answer is Karauli.

• The princely state of Karauli was founded by the Yaduvanshi ruler Arjun Singh under the name Kalyanpuri in Vikram Samvat 1405 (1348 AD), which later became Karauli in the period.

• The ruler of Karauli, Harvakshpal Singh, made a treaty with the British.
• Karauli was the first princely state of Rajasthan, which made the first treaty with the British.
• Anjani Mata is the local deity of the princely state of Karauli.

• Karauli State was a princely state in India.
  • It existed from 1348 to 1949.
  • It is located in the Braj region.
  • Its capital was Karauli city.
• The important towns associated were Mandrayal or Mandrail.
• The 32nd district of Karauli Rajasthan was created on 19 July 1997, separated from Sawai Madhopur.
• Ramgopal Vijayvargiya was a well-known painter from Karauli, who started the solo painting exhibition tradition.

• Lootmar Holi / Lathmar Holi of Mahavir Ji (Karauli) is very famous.
• Shivaratri Cattle Fair - This fair starts on Phalgun Krishna Trayodashi.
  • This fair is famous for the purchase and sale of cows of the Haryanvi breed.

Adding the word ‘industrial’ to the world ‘revolution’ is quite inappropriate. It is so because the changes happened not only in the economic and industrial spheres but also in the social arena. For example, two classes came up in society – the capitalists (bourgeoisie) and the workers (labour class).

Correct answer is Tuesday

It is true that nowadays nobody sees the Industrial Revolution as a revolution. Revolution means radical and sudden changes in the existing situation. Industrialization did not happen suddenly. 

In fact, industrialization was a slow process. It was a continuation of the existing situation. Things like concentration of workers in factories and extensive use of money were already in existence in England. Therefore industrialization cannot be seen as a revolution.

Industrialization in England was a regional process. Until the 19^th century, a major portion of England had no factories or mines. Industrialization was centered around a few cities like London, Manchester, Birmingham, and Newcastle. That means industrialization there was a regional affair. It did not happen throughout the country. Therefore using the term industrial revolution is quite inappropriate.

Hominoids are apes. All apes which include Gorillas, chimps, humans, orangs gibbons, etc. are hominoids. But Hominids are great apes and exclude gibbons (lesser apes). All hominids are hominoids, but not all hominoids are hominids. Hominids belong to the family called Hominidae. All people come in this group. 

There are 4 features that make hominids different from others: 

1. Bigger brain 

2. Upright posture 

3. Walking.on two legs 

4. Special ability in the use of hands.

Correct answer is Wednesday

The work of thinkers like Galileo showed that it was not belief but knowledge that is the basis of observations and tests. By moving through these paths shown by the scientists, physics, chemistry, and biology made fast growth. This new approach to man and nature is called the ‘Science Revolution’ by historians. Because of the science revolution, atheist and nonbelievers in any religion started looking at Nature, and not God, as the creator of things. Even those who retained their faith in God started thinking of God as a distant power who does not interfere in the day-today working of the world.

The correct answer is Tapti.​

Tapti/Tapi River

• The Tapti/Tapi west-flowing river is located in Madhya Pradesh.
• It originates from the Multai reserve forest.
• The river is flowing through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
• Kakrapar Dam, Ukai Dam, Girna Dam are the major projects on this river.
• The Suki, Gomai, the Arunavati, the Vaghur, the Amravati, the Purna, the Mona, and the Sipna are the major tributaries of the Tapti River.

The Tapti River (or Tapi) is a river in central India located to the south of the Narmada river which flows westwards before draining into the Arabian Sea.

• The major east-flowing rivers are the Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Mahanadi, but Narmada and Tapti are major West flowing rivers.
• Mahanadi, Godavari,  Baigai all are meet in the Bay of Bengal

The monks and priests of the Middle Ages were familiar with the writings of the Greeks and Romans. But they did not do anything to popularise these writings. In the 14^th century, many scholars started reading the translated works of Greek writers like Plato and Aristotle. For this they, the scholars, are indebted to the Arab translators. It was the Arabs that carefully preserved the old manuscripts and translated them.

The works of Greek writers were available to the European scholars in two ways. They were able to read them through Arabic translations. Moreover, the works of Arabic Persian scholars were translated by Greeks and thus they too became available to the Europeans.

All these books were about Nature Science, Mathematics, Astronomy, Medicine, and Chemistry. Four most important scholars that contributed greatly to the growth of Renaissance Science and philosophy were: Ptolemy, Avicenna, al-Rasi and Ibh Rasheed.

Humanists divided history into the following 

Ages: 

1. 5^th century to the 14^th century – Middle Ages. 

2. From the 15^th century on wards Modern Age.

The Middle Ages Period was further subdivided like this:

1. 5^th to the 9^th century – Dark Age. 

2. 10^th to 11^th century – Early Middle Age. 

3. 11^th to 14^th century – Late Middle Age.

This division of history into various Ages by humanists was later approved by scholars. But recently some historians questioned this division. They disagreed with the idea of dividing centuries into Ages depending on the dynamics of culture. They felt that calling and depicting a period as Dark Age is not appropriate.

Plenty of facts are available to us to understand the history of Europe from the 14^th century. They include documents, printed books, artworks, sculptures, buildings, and clothes. In Europe and America, they have been carefully preserved. The first person who taught people the importance of preserving historical evidences was Leopold von Ranke, the famous German historian. He said that the most important responsibility of a historian is writing about nations and their politics and to do that a historian must make use of different documents and les in the various government departments.

Humanism is an important feature of Renaissance. The Italian cities and universities played a major role in the growth of humanism. The first universities of Europe were started in Italian cities. From 11^th century onwards universities in Padua aid Bologna there were centers of law studies. Since the main business in the cities was trade, there was a great need for pleaders and notaries. To enact laws and to interpret them and to make written agreements, their service was essential. So law became an important subject in universities. Since law is an important discipline in Humanities, humanism became a major part of the curriculum.

Correct answer is Wednesday

The  Correct answer is the Source of Hindu Philosophy.

• The Upanishads are philosophical texts.
• They are generally called Vedanta, as they came toward the end.
• Upanishad is derived from the words upa (near) and shad (to sit). It is derived from the concept of sitting near the feet of the teacher.
• The Upanishads deal with ritual observance and the individual’s place in the universe.
• More than 200 Upanishads have been discovered. Each Upanishad is associated with a certain Veda. There are 14 Upanishads  which are most well known or most important – Katha, Kena, Isa, Mundaka, Prasna, Taittiriya, Chhandogya, Brihadaranyaka, Mandukya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki, Svetasvatara and Maitrayani.
• Vrihadaranyaka is the oldest Upanishada.

Manasarovar lake.

The term Renaissance Man is used to mean a person with different interests and capabilities. It was a common term used for showing that a person is an exceptional one. Since the famous people or the geniuses of those times came from different countries, this term was used to refer to anyone of them. The leaders of Renaissance were people that were simultaneously experts in scholarship, diplomacy, theology, and art.

The correct answer is Beas.

• About Beas River:
  • Beas is part of the Indus river system and one of the tributaries of the Indus river.
  • The Beas originates near the Rohtang Pass on the southern end of the Pir Panjal Range.
  • It is 460 km and flows within the Indian territory.
  • Vipasha is the Sanskrit name of Beas.

Realism was the most important feature of Renaissance Art. Renaissance Artists tried to picture the human body exactly as it is. The studies of the scientists helped them to do it. 

To learn about the structure of the skeleton, artists visited laboratories in medical schools. It was Andreas Vesalius who for the first time examined the human. body by cutting it into pieces. Andreas Vesalius was a Belgian who was a Professor at the Padua University. This greatly helped the modem anatomical studies. 

Renaissance artists wanted to present things as they were.

The greatest discovery of the 16th century was the “printing press”. It is true that printing was not originally discovered by the Europeans. For printing, the Europeans must be indebted to the Chinese and the Mongolian rulers. When European traders and diplomats visited the royal courts of the Chinese and Mongol rulers, they learned some things about printing. This helped the Europeans to develop their own printing. Even gun powder, magnetic compass, and abacus were developed this way.

Before the advent of printing, books existed in the form of manuscripts. But the invention of the printing machine by Gutenberg started the printing revolution.

Correct answer is Monday

With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, many of the Italian cities which were the centers of political and cultural activities faced ruin. There was no unified government in Italy. Although the Pope was a sovereign in his own nation, he did not have any appearance of a ruler of strength. As Islam was building up a common culture outside Europe, Italy was a weak and scattered place. But the Renaissance slowly helped the revival of Italy.

When trade between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic countries increased, the Italian ports were re-energized. From the 12^th century, when the Mongols began trade with China through the silk route, the trade between some Oriental countries and Europe increased. Some Italian cities had their role in this expansion of trade.

Peter Burke, a modem historian from England, says that by using, the term Renaissance Jakob Burckhardt exaggerated the difference between the periods before it and after it. Peter Burke added that it would mean that during the Renaissance period the Greco-Roman cultures revived and the scholars and artists accepted the Christian view of the world instead of the pre-Christian view.

Both these arguments are exaggerated in their own ways. The scholars before the Renaissance were familiar with the then cultures and therefore. It would be incorrect to say that the cultures had a rebirth. In the case of religion also there was no serious departure from the past. Religion continued to be an essential part of the life of people.

The Humanist historians pictured Renaissance as a period of energy and artistic creativity. At the same time, they considered the Middle Ages as a park Period with no development at all.

Many of the features of Renaissance could be seen in Italy in the 12^th and 13^th centuries. But some historians point out that even in the 9^th Century France there were literary and artistic development like those of the Renaissance period.

The dowry which women received at the time of marriage was invested in the business of their husbands, but they did not have the right to interfere in business affairs or have their say in any such matters. Very often marriage alliances were used to strengthen, businesses. It was usual for parents to send their daughters to convents to become nuns if they could not nd the dowry necessary for their marriage. The role of women in public life was very limited. The society looked at them as keepers of the house, housewives.

Correct answer is Art

In the Renaissance period, there lived some geniuses who were equally proficient in painting, sculpture and architecture: The most important among them was Michelangelo (1475-1564). The pictures he drew on the ceiling of Sistine Chapel, the sculpture of Pieta, and the dome of the St. Peter’s Basilica which he planned, etc. made him immortal.

Another person who was a genius in sculpture and architecture was Filippo Brunelleschi. It was he who drew the plan for the exceptional dome of the Florence Cathedral.

There was a significant change at this time. Until now, an artist was known as a member of some guild of artists. But from the Renaissance Period, they were known by their personal names.

The correct answer is Archaeologist.

• The vestige of the remains of buildings made of stone and brick and the study of painting and sculpture is called archaeologists.
• Archaeologists study past human activity by excavating, dating, and interpreting objects and sites of historical interest.
• Archaeologists implement excavation projects, informally known as digs, preserve archaeological remains and collect data that informs their understanding of the past. Hence option 2 is correct.

• Historian
  • Who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it.
  • Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race as well as the study of all history in time.
• Geologist
  • A scientist who studies the solid, liquid, and gaseous matter that constitutes the Earth and other terrestrial planets, as well as the processes that shape them.
  • Geologists usually study geology, although backgrounds in physics, chemistry, biology, and other sciences are also useful.
• Biologist
  • A scientist who studies organisms and their relationship to their environment.

he molecular formula of red fumes is CrO₂Cl₂

A gas can be liquefied below its critical temperature.

For example, the critical temperature T_c​ for CO₂​, O₂​ and H₂​ are 31.1°C, −118.8°C and −240 °C respectively. 

Thus, CO_2​ gas cannot be liquefied above 31.1 °C however high the pressure may be applied.

An aqueous solution of aluminium sulphate gives Al(OH)₃​  and H₂​SO₄​.

So, its a solution of weak base and strong acid and it will be acidic in nature.