100525 + Interview Questions in GENERAL QA IN GENERAL AWARENESS

1.	One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken from state A to state B through the process `P=3/2 T^(1//2)` It is found that its temperature increases by 100 K in this process. Now it is taken from state B to C through a process for which internal energy is related to volume as `U= 1/2 V^(1//2)` Find the total work performed by the gas (in Joule) if it is given that volume at B is `100 m^(3)` and at C it is `1600m^(3)` [Use `R= 8.3 J //mol-K`]
Answer» Correct Answer - `435` Process A rightarrow B `W_(AB)=intPdv=int3/2T^(1//2)dv=int3/2T^(1//2)xx1/3RT^(-1//2)dT` On solving `W_(AB)=50R=50xx8.3=415`J Process B rightarrow C `U=1/2 V^(1//2)` `3/2RT=1/2V^(1//2) Rightarrow 3PV^(1//2)=1` `:.P=1/3sqrt(V)` Now `W_(BC) = intPdv=underset100overset1600int1/(3sqrt(V))dv=2/3 sqrt(V)=2/3[40-10]=2/3xx30=20` J Total `W=415+20=435]`

Discussion

2.	`0.5` mole of an ideal gas at constant temperature `27^(@)C` kept inside a cylinder of length `L` and cross-section area A closed by a massless piston The cylinder is attached with a conducting rod of length `L` cross-section area `(1//9)m^(2)` and thermal conductivity k whose other end is maintained at `0^(@)C` If piston is moved such that rate of heat flow through the conducing rod is constant then find velocity of piston when it is at height `L//2` from the bottom of cylinder [Neglect any kind of heat loss from system .
Answer» Correct Answer - `0005` Temperature is constant Rightarrow `DeltaE =0 dW=nRT (dv)/v=nRT(Adx)/(AL//2)` `Q=DeltaE+W` Rightarrow`(dW)/(dt)=(nRT)/(L//2)(dx)/(dt)` `(dQ)/(dt)=(dW)/(dt) Rightarrow 1/900 (DeltaT)/L=(2nRT)/L((dx)/(dt))` `(dx)/(dt)=(kxx27)/(900.nRT)=(415.5xx27xx2)/(900xx0.5xx8.31xx300)=1/200 m//s = 5mm//s`

Discussion

3.	The narrow tube with one of its ends sealed as shown in the figure, is in a vertical plane. In the 3L long horizontal part of the tube a mercury column of length L blocks some oxygen gas of length L. The outside air - pressure of `p_(0)` equals with the pressure of a mercury column of height L. Increasing the temperature of the surrounding, the volume of the blocked gas doubles while the gas absorbs `Q=7J` of heat from its surroundings. How much work (in Joule) is done by the expanding gas?
Answer» Correct Answer - `0002` `Q=7J` `DeltaQ=DU+W` `7=nC_(v)DeltaT+PdV` `=n5/2RDeltaT+nRDeltaT` `7=7/2(nRDeltaT) Rightarrow nRDeltaT=2` J

Discussion

4.	Which of the following solutions when added to 1L of a 0.1 M `CH_3COOH` or in the pH of the solution `K_a=1.8xx10^(-5)` for `CH_3COOH`?A. `3 mM HCOOH (K_a=6xx10^(-4))`B. `0.1 M CH_3COONa`C. `1.34 mM HCl`D. `0.1 M CH_3COOH`
Answer» Correct Answer - A,C,D `[H^+]=sqrt(1.8xx10^(-5)xx0.1)=1.34xx10^(-3) M` to which the solution in (A,C & D) are ISOHYDRIC.

Discussion

5.	Figure shows a magnet suspended at the lower end of a spring while its length lies along the axis of a fixed circular conducting coil. The magnet is made to oscillate, Deflection in the galvanometer is A. minimum when the magnet is at mean positionB. Maximum when the magnet is at mean positionC. zero when the mgnet is at mean positionD. maximum when the magnet is at exteme position
Answer» Correct Answer - B At mean position, velocity is maximum and hence, rate of change of flux is also maximum.

Discussion

6.	An aqueous solution contains `Hg^(2+), Hg_2^(2+),Pb^(2+),Ag^(+),Bl^(3+) and Cd^(2+)`.Out of these, how many ions will produce white precipitate with dilute HCl ?
Answer» Correct Answer - 3 `Pb^(2+)+2Cl^(-)toPbCl_2darr(white), Hg_2^(2+)+2Cl^(-)toHg_2Cl_2darr`(white) `Ag^(+)+Cl^(-)toAgCldarr`(white) `K_(sp)` of chlorides of `Pb^(2+)` and `Hg_2^(2+)` is low as compared to `K_(sp)` of `Hg^(2+)` and `Cd^(2+)` . Chloride ion concentration provided by dilute H Cl is just enough to exceed the `K_(sp)` of `PbCl_2` and `Hg_2Cl_2` Thus `Pb^(2+)` and `Hg_2^(2+)` are precipitated as their chlorides

Discussion

7.	The variation of pH during the titration of 0.5 N `Na_2CO_3` with 0.5 N HCl is shown in the given graph.The following table indicates the colour and pH ranges of different indicators : `{:("Indicator","Range of colour change","Colour in acid","Colour in base"),("Thymol blue",1.2 "to" 2.8,"Red","Yellow"),("Bromocresol red",4.2 "to" 6.3,"Red","Yellow"),("Bromothymol blue",6.0"to"7.6,"Yellow","Blue"),("Cresolphethalein",8.2 "to" 9.8,"Colourless","Red"):}` Based on the graph and the table which of the following statements are true ?A. The first equivalence point can be detected by cresolphthaleinB. The complete neutralisation can be detected by bromothymol blueC. The second equivalence point can be detected by bromocresol red.D. The volume of HCl required for the first equivalence point is half the volume of HCl required for the second equivalence point.
Answer» Correct Answer - ACD (A)First equivalence point pH is in between 8-10 and also this point is in between 8.2 to 9.8 (Indicator range of cresolphthalein) (B),( C) second equivalence point (complete nutralisation) (D)`50/2=25`

Discussion

8.	How many of the following reagents give pure white precipitate with an aqueous solution of Ag(I) salt ? Concentrated `HCl, Kl, K_2CrO_4, Na_2CO_3,NaCN` (in small amount), `K_4[Fe(CN)_6]`
Answer» Correct Answer - 2 (a)With concentrated HCl precipitation does not occur. AgCl+`Cl^(-)to[AgCl_2]^(-)` (soluble complex) (b)`Ag^(+)+I^(-)toAgIdarr` (bright yellow) (c )`2Ag^(+)+CrO_4^(2-)toAg_2CrO_4darr`(red) (d)`2Ag^(+)+CO_3^(2-)toAg_2CO_3darr` (yellowish-white ) (e)`Ag^(+)+CN^(-)` (small amount ) `to AgCN darr` (white) (f)`4Ag^(+)+[Fe(CN)_6]^(4-)toAg_4[Fe(CN)_6]darr`(white)

Discussion

9.	When do chromosomes appear short and thick? Why?
Answer» Chromosomes appear short and thick during metaphase as during this phase of cell division, they show maximum condensation.

Discussion

10.	Name the disorders caused due to incomplete sex linkage.
Answer» Retinitis pigmentosa, Nephritis, and total colour blindness are the disorders caused due to incomplete sex linkage.

Discussion

11.	Which type of lens has negative power ?
Answer» Concave lens has negative power as its focal length is negative.

Discussion

12.	What is the cause of Thalassemia?
Answer» Thalassemia is caused due to decreased synthesis of either `alpha` or `beta` chain of HbA. It is a quantitative abnormality of polypeptide globin chain synthesis.

Discussion

13.	Give any two names of X-linked diseases.
Answer» Colour blindness, Haemophilia, Myopia, Muscular dystrophy, Night blindness are X-linked diseases.

Discussion

14.	What are groups and period in the periodic table?
Answer» The vertical columns in the periodic table are called group. The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods.

Discussion

15.	Give the pair of sex chromosomes in male and female birds.
Answer» The pair of sex chromosomes in male birds are ZZ while in female birds it is ZW.

Discussion

16.	The elements of the third period of the periodic table are given below:GroupIIIIIIIVVVIVIIPeriod 3NaMgAlSiPSCla) Which atom is bigger, Na or Mg? Why?b) Identify the most i) Metallic and ii) Non-metallic element in period 3.
Answer» a) Sodium is bigger than magnesium at it has lesser nuclear charge so there is less force of attraction between nucleus and valence electrons and less effective nuclear charge. It is, therefore bigger in size. b) i) Sodium is the most metallic as it can lose electrons easily due to its larger atomic size. ii) Chlorine is the most non-metallic element because it can gain electrons easily due to its smallest atomic size.

16.

The elements of the third period of the periodic table are given below:GroupIIIIIIIVVVIVIIPeriod 3NaMgAlSiPSCla) Which atom is bigger, Na or Mg? Why?b) Identify the most i) Metallic and ii) Non-metallic element in period 3.

Answer»

a) Sodium is bigger than magnesium at it has lesser nuclear charge so there is less force of attraction between nucleus and valence electrons and less effective nuclear charge. It is, therefore bigger in size.

b)

i) Sodium is the most metallic as it can lose electrons easily due to its larger atomic size.
ii) Chlorine is the most non-metallic element because it can gain electrons easily due to its smallest atomic size.

Discussion

17.	Define 1 dioptre of power of a lens.
Answer» The SI unit of power of lens is dioptre which is denoted by the letter D. 1 Dioptre is defined as the power of a lens of focal length 1 meter.

Discussion

18.	Define Mendeleev’s periodic law.
Answer» Mendeleev’s periodic law states that the properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic masses.

Discussion

19.	The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement?
Answer» The refractive index of diamond is 2.42 this means that the speed of light in diamond will reduce by a factor of 2.42 as compared to its speed in air. In other words the speed of light in diamond is 2.42 times less than the normal speed of light in vacuum.

Discussion

20.	In which type of lens linear magnification is always less than one?
Answer» Concave lens always has linear magnification less than one, because it always gives diminished images.

Discussion

21.	How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and carboxylic acid?
Answer» We can distinguish between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of their reaction with carbonate and hydrogen carbonates. Acids reacts with carbonate and hydrogen carbonate to evolve CO₂ gas that turns lime water milky. Metal carbonate/metal hydrogen carbonate + carboxylic acid. Salt + water + Carbon dioxide. Alcohols on the other hand, do not react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

21.

How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and carboxylic acid?

Answer»

We can distinguish between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid on the basis of their reaction with carbonate and hydrogen carbonates. Acids reacts with carbonate and hydrogen carbonate to evolve CO₂ gas that turns lime water milky.

Metal carbonate/metal hydrogen carbonate + carboxylic acid.

Salt + water + Carbon dioxide.

Alcohols on the other hand, do not react with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

Discussion

22.	In mammals and birds oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood gets separated. Why?
Answer» Separation of blood allows a highly efficient of supply of oxygen to the body Mammals & birds demand more energy to maintain their body temperature.

Discussion

23.	______ your hands above your head. A) raise B) rise C) rice D) rays
Answer» Correct option is A) raise

Discussion

24.	Please, do not ______ the sides of the chair. A) bend B) sit C) lean D) stand
Answer» Correct option is C) lean

Discussion

25.	Put a cassette in the machine and ______ the ‘start’ button. A) block B) tick C) click D) press
Answer» Correct option is D) press

Discussion

26.	When solid calcium carbonate is heated, what are the products formed? What kind of chemical reaction is this?
Answer» When heated at 1200 K, calcium carbonate decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. CaCO₃ + ∆ → CaO + CO₂ This process is employed in the manufacturing of quick lime, which is an important substance in many industries. Decomposition of CaCO₃ is an example of thermal decomposition reaction.

26.

When solid calcium carbonate is heated, what are the products formed? What kind of chemical reaction is this?

Answer»

When heated at 1200 K, calcium carbonate decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

CaCO₃ + ∆ → CaO + CO₂

This process is employed in the manufacturing of quick lime, which is an important substance in many industries.

Decomposition of CaCO₃ is an example of thermal decomposition reaction.

Discussion

27.	Read the following and answer any four questions. Metallic Character The ability of an atom to donate electrons and form positive ion (cation) is known as electropositivity or metallic character. Down the group, metallic character increases due to increase in atomic size and across the period, from left to right electropositivity decreases due to decrease in atomic size.Non-Metallic Character The ability of an atom to accept electrons to form a negative ion (anion) is called non-metallic character or electronegativity. The elements having high electro-negativity have a higher tendency to gain electrons and form anion. Down the group, electronegativity decreases due to increase in atomic size and across the period, from left to right electronegativity increases due to decrease in atomic size.(i) Which of the following correctly represents the decreasing order of metallic character of Alkali metals plotted in the graph? a) Cs>Rb>Li>Na>K b) K>Rb>Li>Na>Cs c) Cs>Rb>K>Na>Li d) Cs>K>Rb>Na>Li(ii) Hydrogen is placed along with Alkali metals in the modern periodic table though it shows non-metallic character a) as Hydrogen has one electron & readily loses electron to form negative ion b) as Hydrogen can easily lose one electron like alkali metals to form positive ion c) as Hydrogen can gain one electron easily like Halogens to form negative ion d) as Hydrogen shows the properties of non-metals(iii) Which of the following has highest electronegativity? a) F b) Cl c) Br d) I(iv) Identify the reason for the gradual change in electronegativity in halogens down the group. a) Electronegativity increases down the group due to decrease in atomic size b) Electronegativity decreases down the group due to decrease in tendency to lose electrons c) Electronegativity decreases down the group due to increase in atomic radius/ tendency to gain electron decreases d) Electronegativity increases down the group due to increase in forces of attractions between nucleus & valence electrons(v) Which of the following reason correctly justifies that “Fluorine (72pm) has smaller atomic radius than Lithium (152pm)”? a) F and Li are in the same group. Atomic size increases down the group b) F and Li are in the same period. Atomic size increases across the period due to increase in number of shells c) F and Li are in the same group. Atomic size decreases down the group d) F and Li are in the same period and across the period atomic size/radius decreases from left to right.
Answer» (i) c) Cs>Rb>K>Na>Li (ii) b) As Hydrogen can easily lose one electron like alkali metals to form positive ion (iii) a) F (iv) c) Electronegativity decreases down the group due to increase in atomic radius/ tendency to gain electron decreases. (v) d) F and Li are in the same period and across the period atomic size/radius decreases from left to right.

27.

Read the following and answer any four questions. Metallic Character The ability of an atom to donate electrons and form positive ion (cation) is known as electropositivity or metallic character. Down the group, metallic character increases due to increase in atomic size and across the period, from left to right electropositivity decreases due to decrease in atomic size.Non-Metallic Character The ability of an atom to accept electrons to form a negative ion (anion) is called non-metallic character or electronegativity. The elements having high electro-negativity have a higher tendency to gain electrons and form anion. Down the group, electronegativity decreases due to increase in atomic size and across the period, from left to right electronegativity increases due to decrease in atomic size.(i) Which of the following correctly represents the decreasing order of metallic character of Alkali metals plotted in the graph? a) Cs>Rb>Li>Na>K b) K>Rb>Li>Na>Cs c) Cs>Rb>K>Na>Li d) Cs>K>Rb>Na>Li(ii) Hydrogen is placed along with Alkali metals in the modern periodic table though it shows non-metallic character a) as Hydrogen has one electron & readily loses electron to form negative ion b) as Hydrogen can easily lose one electron like alkali metals to form positive ion c) as Hydrogen can gain one electron easily like Halogens to form negative ion d) as Hydrogen shows the properties of non-metals(iii) Which of the following has highest electronegativity? a) F b) Cl c) Br d) I(iv) Identify the reason for the gradual change in electronegativity in halogens down the group. a) Electronegativity increases down the group due to decrease in atomic size b) Electronegativity decreases down the group due to decrease in tendency to lose electrons c) Electronegativity decreases down the group due to increase in atomic radius/ tendency to gain electron decreases d) Electronegativity increases down the group due to increase in forces of attractions between nucleus & valence electrons(v) Which of the following reason correctly justifies that “Fluorine (72pm) has smaller atomic radius than Lithium (152pm)”? a) F and Li are in the same group. Atomic size increases down the group b) F and Li are in the same period. Atomic size increases across the period due to increase in number of shells c) F and Li are in the same group. Atomic size decreases down the group d) F and Li are in the same period and across the period atomic size/radius decreases from left to right.

Answer»

(i) c) Cs>Rb>K>Na>Li

(ii) b) As Hydrogen can easily lose one electron like alkali metals to form positive ion

(iii) a) F

(iv) c) Electronegativity decreases down the group due to increase in atomic radius/ tendency to gain electron decreases.

(v) d) F and Li are in the same period and across the period atomic size/radius decreases from left to right.

Discussion

28.	What is the coefficient of performance of a system, if its work input is 75 J and heat removed is 45 J?(a) 20%(b) 40%(c) 60%(d) 80%
Answer» The correct answer is (c) 60% The best I can explain: Coefficient of performance = 45/75*100 = 60%.

Discussion

29.	Mechanical energy satisfy which of the following?(a) Completely Convertible(b) Non-convertible(c) Partially convertible(d) None of the mentioned
Answer» Correct answer is (a) Completely Convertible Explanation: Mechanical energy is completely convertible by an ideal engine.

Discussion

30.	Who launched the khilafat movement?
Answer» Khilafat Movement was launched by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in 1920's.

Discussion

31.	The distribution of population of India is uneven give reasons?
Answer» The distribution of population in India is uneven because of varied geographical and cultural factors.

Discussion

32.	The total value of all goods and services produced in a country during one year is known as?
Answer» National Income.

Discussion

33.	Mention one factor affecting the localization of Industries?
Answer» Supply of Raw Material.

Discussion

34.	"No party system is ideal for all countries and in all situations." Analyse the statement.
Answer» No party system is ideal for all countries and all situations : (a) Party system is not something, any country can choose. (b) It evolves over a long time depending on the nature of the society. (c) Its social and regional division, its history of policies and its system of elections. (d) Each country develops a party system that is conditioned by its special circumstances. (e) For example, if India has evolved a multi-party system, it is because the social and geographical diversity in such a large country is not easily absorbed by two or even three parties.

34.

"No party system is ideal for all countries and in all situations." Analyse the statement.

Answer»

No party system is ideal for all countries and all situations :

(a) Party system is not something, any country can choose.

(b) It evolves over a long time depending on the nature of the society.

(c) Its social and regional division, its history of policies and its system of elections.

(d) Each country develops a party system that is conditioned by its special circumstances.

(e) For example, if India has evolved a multi-party system, it is because the social and geographical diversity in such a large country is not easily absorbed by two or even three parties.

Discussion

35.	Explain the measures taken by Gandhiji to eliminate the problem of untouchability.
Answer» The measures were taken by Gandhiji to eliminate the problem of untouchability : (a) Mahatma Gandhi declared that Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. (b) He called the 'untouchables' Harijan or the children of God. (c) He organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools. (d) He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers) and persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up the sin of untouchability.

35.

Explain the measures taken by Gandhiji to eliminate the problem of untouchability.

Answer»

The measures were taken by Gandhiji to eliminate the problem of untouchability :

(a) Mahatma Gandhi declared that Swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated.

(b) He called the 'untouchables' Harijan or the children of God.

(c) He organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.

(d) He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the bhangi (the sweepers) and persuaded upper castes to change their heart and give up the sin of untouchability.

Discussion

36.	Which one of the following is a primary Activity?(a) Agriculture (b) Trade(c) Industry (d) Service
Answer» Agriculture is a primary Activity.

Discussion

37.	How many Atomic Power Station in India?(a) 4 (b) 8(c) 7 (d) 10
Answer» There are 8 Atomic Power Station in India.

Discussion

38.	Jawaharlal Nehru Port (Nahawasheva) is?(a) Chennai (b) Mumbai(c) Haldia (d) Kochi
Answer» Jawaharlal Nehru Port (Nahawasheva) is Mumbai.

Discussion

39.	Explain the demographic cycle?
Answer» Demographic cycle is the process of population transformation from the countries of high birth rate and high death rates to low birth rate & low death rate countries. Stages of Demographic cycle: First stage: High birth rate and high death is found when the country is economically most backward, so the population remains stationary. india was in the stage till 1920. Second stage (Early expanding): It begins with the declining of death rate while the birth rate ramins unchanged. These changes due to the advancement of science & technology, basic healthcare and education etc. At present many developing countries of Asia & Africa are in this stage. Third stage (Late expanding): Death rate declines and birth rate begins to fall due to access of contraceptives, urbanization, an ilicreasc E in the status and women education etc India appears to be this stage. Fourth stage (Low stationary): It is characterized with low birth rate and low death rate. Growth is stationary due to changing life style, high obesity and many diseases are caused in this stagé. Japan, Sweden, Belgium Denmark & Switzerland are in this stage. Fifth stage(Declining): Population begins to decline or birth rate is lower than deathrate. East European countries like Germany and Hungary and North European countries like Sweden, Norway are now in this stage.

39.

Explain the demographic cycle?

Answer»

Demographic cycle is the process of population transformation from the countries of high birth rate and high death rates to low birth rate & low death rate countries.

Stages of Demographic cycle:

First stage: High birth rate and high death is found when the country is economically most backward, so the population remains stationary. india was in the stage till 1920.
Second stage (Early expanding): It begins with the declining of death rate while the birth rate ramins unchanged. These changes due to the advancement of science & technology, basic healthcare and education etc. At present many developing countries of Asia & Africa are in this stage.
Third stage (Late expanding): Death rate declines and birth rate begins to fall due to access of contraceptives, urbanization, an ilicreasc E in the status and women education etc India appears to be this stage.
Fourth stage (Low stationary): It is characterized with low birth rate and low death rate. Growth is stationary due to changing life style, high obesity and many diseases are caused in this stagé. Japan, Sweden, Belgium Denmark & Switzerland are in this stage.
Fifth stage(Declining): Population begins to decline or birth rate is lower than deathrate. East European countries like Germany and Hungary and North European countries like Sweden, Norway are now in this stage.

Discussion

40.	The southern terminal of the National Highway No.7.
Answer» Kanyakumari is The southern terminal of the National Highway No.7.

Discussion

41.	Name the kingdom which first used elephants in wars?1. Champa2. Magadha3. Kosala4. Avanti
Answer» Correct Answer - Option 2 : Magadha The correct answer is Magadha. King Porus used elephants against Alexander in the battle of hydaspas. Chandragupta Maurya did use elephants in his conquest of the whole of India. So, option 2 is correct. Elephants were part of Ashoka's army.

41.

Name the kingdom which first used elephants in wars?1. Champa2. Magadha3. Kosala4. Avanti

Answer» Correct Answer - Option 2 : Magadha

The correct answer is Magadha.

King Porus used elephants against Alexander in the battle of hydaspas.
Chandragupta Maurya did use elephants in his conquest of the whole of India. So, option 2 is correct.
Elephants were part of Ashoka's army.

Discussion

42.	In which of the following river valleys was the fossils of the skeletal remains of Rajasaurus excavated?1. Tawa2. Narmada3. Chambal4. Betwa
Answer» Correct Answer - Option 2 : Narmada The correct answer is Narmada. The skeletal remains of Rajasaurus were excavated from the Narmada River valley in Rahioli in the Kheda district of Gujarat. Rajasaurus means "king" or "king of lizards". It was a genus of carnivorous abelisaurian theropod dinosaur with an unusual head crest. Between 1982 and 1984, its fossilized bones were discovered by Suresh Srivastava of the Geological Survey of India (GSI), from the Narmada River valley.

42.

In which of the following river valleys was the fossils of the skeletal remains of Rajasaurus excavated?1. Tawa2. Narmada3. Chambal4. Betwa

Answer» Correct Answer - Option 2 : Narmada

The correct answer is Narmada.

The skeletal remains of Rajasaurus were excavated from the Narmada River valley in Rahioli in the Kheda district of Gujarat.

Rajasaurus means "king" or "king of lizards".
It was a genus of carnivorous abelisaurian theropod dinosaur with an unusual head crest.
Between 1982 and 1984, its fossilized bones were discovered by Suresh Srivastava of the Geological Survey of India (GSI), from the Narmada River valley.

Discussion

43.	Write a note an water transport?
Answer» Water Transportation is ideal for the movements of bulky heavy large quantities of commodities as well as perishable products. As such the oceans are considered as the natural high ways of the world. Some of the important ocean routes. The northern Atlantic sea route:- It connects north eastern USA and north western Europe. The two industrially developed regions of the world. The north Atlantic sea route is the busiest route in the world and called “The Big Trunk Route”. The Mediterranean sea route:- the cape of good hope sea route in the oldest route of the world discovered by vascoda-Gama in 1948. Many ships follows this route to avoid heavy Taxation at the Suez canal. The north – Pacific sea route connects the port are vanconver. Seattle, posttand. Sanfranciso, losangles onAmerican side andYakohoma, Kobe, Shangai, Hanking, Manila, Singapore on the Asia side. The south Atlantic sea Route:- The eastern coast of South America with western coast of south America with western coast of Africa and Europe this route is not well developed. Shipping canals: The shipping canals are most important and plays a crucial role in the world transport Pattern. The Major shipping canals in the world are the suez and the panama canals.

43.

Write a note an water transport?

Answer»

Water Transportation is ideal for the movements of bulky heavy large quantities of commodities as well as perishable products. As such the oceans are considered as the natural high ways of the world.

Some of the important ocean routes.

The northern Atlantic sea route:- It connects north eastern USA and north western Europe. The two industrially developed regions of the world. The north Atlantic sea route is the busiest route in the world and called “The Big Trunk Route”.
The Mediterranean sea route:- the cape of good hope sea route in the oldest route of the world discovered by vascoda-Gama in 1948. Many ships follows this route to avoid heavy Taxation at the Suez canal.
The north – Pacific sea route connects the port are vanconver. Seattle, posttand. Sanfranciso, losangles onAmerican side andYakohoma, Kobe, Shangai, Hanking, Manila, Singapore on the Asia side.
The south Atlantic sea Route:- The eastern coast of South America with western coast of south America with western coast of Africa and Europe this route is not well developed.
Shipping canals: The shipping canals are most important and plays a crucial role in the world transport Pattern. The Major shipping canals in the world are the suez and the panama canals.

Discussion

44.	Explain the causes and impacts of rapid growth of population in India?
Answer» 1. High Birth Rate – High birth rate is the dominate factor in rapid growth of population in India. It was 492 in 1901 and has declined to 22.22 per thousand in -2011. Causes for high birth rate : There are several causes for high birth rate in India. For example : Early marriage, Universal marriage, religious and superstitions, joint family system, illiteracy polygamy, predominance of agriculture, poverty, slow urbanization process, tropical climate etc. All these factors have been caused directly or indirectly for high birth rate. 2. Low Birth rate: Death rate was very high (42.6) in 1901, but it was sharply declined to 6.4 per thousand persons) in 2011. Causes for low death rate : There are many causes for declining trend of deathrate they are control of epidemics, decline in the incidence of Malaria and tuberculosis expansion of medical facilities, control of infant mortality, spread of education, improvement in the nutrition level etc, due to all of these programs and activities, death rate has been declining from one decade to another. The Rapid growth of population has led to a number of problems as follows:- 1. Unemployment and Underemployment: It has been increasing from year to year. It has badly affected on young educated people both in rural and urban areas. 2. Shortage of food & Malnutrition : A large number of people are poorly fed. Malnutrition is prevailing throughout the country. It is fatal for the development of the country. 3. Burden on Civic & Social Amenities : Education, health and medical, housing, drinking water, electricity and problems increases. 4. Low per’capita income : The increase in per capita income is only 15% annually. Low per capiia income has a direct impact on the economic condition of the people. 5. Increase of Unproductive population : Below 15 years (Infants) and above 60 years (old age) are unproductive. They are dependent on earning persons. Thus rapid growth has increased dependents rather than producers. . . 6. Others: Slow in economic development, mass poverty, low standard of living, political unrest and the social problems like theft robbery, immortality, corruption and the growth of slums, environment pollution are also directly related to the popuahion explosion.

44.

Explain the causes and impacts of rapid growth of population in India?

Answer»

1. High Birth Rate – High birth rate is the dominate factor in rapid growth of population in India. It was 492 in 1901 and has declined to 22.22 per thousand in -2011.

Causes for high birth rate : There are several causes for high birth

rate in India. For example : Early marriage, Universal marriage, religious and superstitions, joint family system, illiteracy polygamy, predominance of agriculture, poverty, slow urbanization process, tropical climate etc. All these factors have been caused directly or indirectly for high birth rate.

2. Low Birth rate: Death rate was very high (42.6) in 1901, but it was sharply declined to 6.4 per thousand persons) in 2011. Causes for low death rate : There are many causes for declining trend of deathrate they are control of epidemics, decline in the incidence of Malaria and tuberculosis expansion of medical facilities, control of infant mortality, spread of education, improvement in the nutrition level etc, due to all of these programs and activities, death rate has been declining from one decade to another.

The Rapid growth of population has led to a number of problems as follows:-

1. Unemployment and Underemployment: It has been increasing from year to year. It has badly affected on young educated people both in rural and urban areas.

2. Shortage of food & Malnutrition : A large number of people are poorly fed. Malnutrition is prevailing throughout the country. It is fatal for the development of the country.

3. Burden on Civic & Social Amenities : Education, health and medical, housing, drinking water, electricity and problems increases.

4. Low per’capita income : The increase in per capita income is only 15% annually. Low per capiia income has a direct impact on the economic condition of the people.

5. Increase of Unproductive population : Below 15 years (Infants) and above 60 years (old age) are unproductive. They are dependent on earning persons. Thus rapid growth has increased dependents rather than producers. . .

6. Others: Slow in economic development, mass poverty, low standard of living, political unrest and the social problems like theft robbery, immortality, corruption and the growth of slums, environment pollution are also directly related to the popuahion explosion.

Discussion

45.	Explain the production and distribution of cotton in India.
Answer» Production and distribution of cotton in India: Cotton is grown in different parts of the country. Gujarat, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh and Haryana are the major cotton producing states. 1. Gujarat: Gujarat is the largest producer of cotton in India, which is due to the better yield per hectare i.e 689 kg per hectare. Bharuch, Surendemagar, Vadodara and Ahmedabad are the important cotton growing districts. 2. Maharashtra: Maharashtra ranks first in cotton growing area and it stands second in the production of raw cotton in the country. Over 80% of its cotton production comes from Khandesh, Vidarbha and Marathwada regions. 3. Andhra Pradesh: It is the third largest producer of cotton in India. The leading cotton producing districts are Guntur, Prakasam, Adilabad, Kurnool and Anantapur. 4. Haryana: Haryana stands in the fourth place of cotton production in India. It has the highest yield per hectare of cotton in the country i.e. 703 kg. Gurgoan, Hissar, Rohtak and are the major districts.

45.

Explain the production and distribution of cotton in India.

Answer»

Production and distribution of cotton in India: Cotton is grown in different parts of the country. Gujarat, Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh and Haryana are the major cotton producing states.

1. Gujarat: Gujarat is the largest producer of cotton in India, which is due to the better yield per hectare i.e 689 kg per hectare. Bharuch, Surendemagar, Vadodara and Ahmedabad are the important cotton growing districts.

2. Maharashtra: Maharashtra ranks first in cotton growing area and it stands second in the production of raw cotton in the country. Over 80% of its cotton production comes from Khandesh, Vidarbha and Marathwada regions.

3. Andhra Pradesh: It is the third largest producer of cotton in India. The leading cotton producing districts are Guntur, Prakasam, Adilabad, Kurnool and Anantapur.

4. Haryana: Haryana stands in the fourth place of cotton production in India. It has the highest yield per hectare of cotton in the country i.e. 703 kg. Gurgoan, Hissar, Rohtak and are the major districts.

Discussion

46.	Explain the various types of roads in India.
Answer» Classification of roads: In India, roads are of the following types. 1. National highways, 2. State highways, 3. District roads and 4. Village roads. Besides these, there are border roads and International highways linking major Indian cities with the capitals of other neighbouring countries. National highways: They connect the capitals of the states, industrial centres and major ports. They are well planned wide roads with two-lane, four-lane, and six-fane roads. Both construction and maintenance are carried out by the Central Government and National Highway Authority of India [NHAI], The total length of the national highways is about 71,772 km as per 2011. (i) The Golden Quadrilateral, (ii) The North South and East West corridors, (iii) Port connectivity with industries are all parfbf this network. 1. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway: The Government of India has implemented a major road development project linking Delhi Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai by six-lane super high-ways. It has a total length of 5846 kms and it is called as Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway. 2. North – South and East-West corridors: This project connects Srinagar (JK) in the North with Kanyakumari (TN) in the South and Silcher (Assam) in the East with Porbandar (Gujarat) in the West covering major cities along the way. The project has a total length of 7300 km. 3. Port connectivity project: This is also included in the programmes of NHAI. This project connects the Golden Quadrilateral roads with the 13 major ports (380 km) and other projects (962 km). This is still in progress. 4. State Highways: The State Highways connect the important cities of the state with its capital, with the national highways and link with other state capitals. The State Government is responsible for the construction and maintenance of the State Highways. Now there are about 1.54, 522 km length of the state highways in the country. 5. District roads: These roads connect the production and marketing centres with the highways, railways, towns and larger villages with the district headquarters. The Zilla Parishad takes the responsibility of the development and maintenance of these roads. 6. Village roads: Roads which link the taluk headquarters with villages and the district highways are called village roads. They are mostly untarred or metalled. They are constructed and maintained by Taluk Panchayats and Village Panchayats. 7. Border roads: Border roads are constructed in the border areas of the country. They are constructed in the North and North eastern border areas adjoining Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. These are mainly for army movement in the defence of the country. 8. International highways: Some of the national highways of the country have been linked with the international highways of the neighbouring countries.

46.

Explain the various types of roads in India.

Answer»

Classification of roads: In India, roads are of the following types.

1. National highways,

2. State highways,

3. District roads and

4. Village roads.

Besides these, there are border roads and International highways linking major Indian cities with the capitals of other neighbouring countries.

National highways:
They connect the capitals of the states, industrial centres and major ports.
They are well planned wide roads with two-lane, four-lane, and six-fane roads. Both construction and maintenance are carried out by the Central Government and National Highway Authority of India [NHAI],
The total length of the national highways is about 71,772 km as per 2011.
(i) The Golden Quadrilateral,
(ii) The North South and East West corridors,
(iii) Port connectivity with industries are all parfbf this network.

1. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway: The Government of India has implemented a major road development project linking Delhi Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai by six-lane super high-ways. It has a total length of 5846 kms and it is called as Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway.

2. North – South and East-West corridors: This project connects Srinagar (JK) in the North with Kanyakumari (TN) in the South and Silcher (Assam) in the East with Porbandar (Gujarat) in the West covering major cities along the way. The project has a total length of 7300 km.

3. Port connectivity project: This is also included in the programmes of NHAI. This project connects the Golden Quadrilateral roads with the 13 major ports (380 km) and other projects (962 km). This is still in progress.

4. State Highways: The State Highways connect the important cities of the state with its capital, with the national highways and link with other state capitals. The State Government is responsible for the construction and maintenance of the State Highways. Now there are about 1.54, 522 km length of the state highways in the country.

5. District roads: These roads connect the production and marketing centres with the highways, railways, towns and larger villages with the district headquarters. The Zilla Parishad takes the responsibility of the development and maintenance of these roads.

6. Village roads: Roads which link the taluk headquarters with villages and the district highways are called village roads. They are mostly untarred or metalled. They are constructed and maintained by Taluk Panchayats and Village Panchayats.

7. Border roads: Border roads are constructed in the border areas of the country. They are constructed in the North and North eastern border areas adjoining Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. These are mainly for army movement in the defence of the country.

8. International highways: Some of the national highways of the country have been linked with the international highways of the neighbouring countries.

Discussion

47.	Statement It has been reported in a recent research report that taller people are found to be happier than those who are relatively shorter. Which of the following contradicts the above finding?A. People are generally truthful when they respond to the questions of such research studiesB. Those people who have a comfortable lifestyle are found to be happier than those who lead a strenuous lifestyle irrespective of their heightC. Shorter people suffer from inferiority complex throughout them lifeD. Taller people are found to be more positive in approach to daily chores of lifes.
Answer» Correct Answer - b People having a comfortable lifestyle are found to be happier than leading strenuous lifestyle by their height on most contradicts the findings.

Discussion

48.	Statement There was a slow decline in number of patients with flu like symptoms visiting various health facilities in the city during the last fortnight. Which of the following substantiates the facts mentioned in the above statement?A. Majority of the people suffering from flu visit the health facilities in the cityB. There has been a continuous increase in the sale of medicines for curing flu in the city hm1tsC. Peo le have started visiting the crowed places like matls and cinema balls dunng the last fortmght after cautioned gap of one month.D. There is a sudden increase in the number of deaths caised by flu like symptoms followed by respiratory complications.
Answer» Correct Answer - c After a cautioned gap of one month people have. started , visiting crowded places most substantiates the facts.

Discussion

49.	Give an account of land use pattern in India?
Answer» The important types of land use pattern in India are : 1. Forest area 2. Land not available for cultivation 3. Cultivable wasteland 4. Fallow land 5. Net area sown. 1. Forest area : According to National Forest Policy 1952, reporting area of the forest must be 33.3.% of the total land. Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Andaman Nicobar. Islands are reporting more area under forests. It is due to heacy rainfall and relief features. 2. Land not available for cultivation : The land used for human settlements, transport routes, canals, quarries, the mountains, deserts, marshes etc, are coming under this category. It accounts 14.2% of the total land in India. Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, states are having more area under this category. 3. Other Uncultivated lands including fallow land : This category includes permanent pasture as other grazing area, land under miscellanous tree crops, groves and cultivable waste. This category covers about 8.6% of the country’s total reporting land. The cultivable waste land is found more in the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. 4. Fallow lands : The land which is not used for cultivation for last 3 to 5 years is considered as fallow land. It accounts for about 8.13 % of Indias total land. The land under this category is reported more in the states of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand. 5. Net area sown : India has a net sown area of 46.2% of the total reporting land in India. Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmii, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram.

49.

Give an account of land use pattern in India?

Answer»

The important types of land use pattern in India are :

1. Forest area

2. Land not available for cultivation

3. Cultivable wasteland

4. Fallow land

5. Net area sown.

1. Forest area :

According to National Forest Policy 1952, reporting area of the forest must be 33.3.% of the total land.
Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Andaman Nicobar. Islands are reporting more area under forests.
It is due to heacy rainfall and relief features.

2. Land not available for cultivation :

The land used for human settlements, transport routes, canals, quarries, the mountains, deserts, marshes etc, are coming under this category. It accounts 14.2% of the total land in India.
Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, states are having more area under this category.

3. Other Uncultivated lands including fallow land : This category includes permanent pasture as other grazing area, land under miscellanous tree crops, groves and cultivable waste. This category covers about 8.6% of the country’s total reporting land.

The cultivable waste land is found more in the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

4. Fallow lands :

The land which is not used for cultivation for last 3 to 5 years is considered as fallow land.
It accounts for about 8.13 % of Indias total land.
The land under this category is reported more in the states of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand.

5. Net area sown :

India has a net sown area of 46.2% of the total reporting land in India.
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmii, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram.

Discussion

50.	Name the four concepts of Human development.
Answer» 1. Equity 2. Sustainability 3. Productivity 4. Empowerment.

50.

Name the four concepts of Human development.

Answer»

1. Equity

2. Sustainability

3. Productivity

4. Empowerment.

Discussion

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