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Phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm are together known as periderm. Due to secondary growth of the stem, the outer cortical and epidermis layer broken and replaced by another meristematic issue called phellogen. Phellogen or cork cambium cuts o cells on both sides the outer cells are called cork or phellem and the inner cells are phelloderm or secondary cortex.

1. phellem, phellogen, and phelloderm 

2. lenticel, gaseous exchange

From permanent tissues

Secondary vascular tissues and medullary rays

Apical, intercalary and lateral

Phloem is made up of more than one type of cells namely, sieve tube, companion cell, phloem parenchyma & phloem fiber.

 Parenchyma consists of same types of cells.

Monocots do not possess cambium Hence, the secondary tissues are not formed.

Tissues name is Collenchyma.

Sclerenchyma and xylem

Monocot stem

Phloem. The other components are part of periderm

Sieve tubes are cylindrical have endplates called sieve plates. They are dead elements of phloem.

Parenchyma tissue

1. Xylem parenchyma, vessels, tracheid, xylem fibers. 

2. Vessels

The material is Dicot stem.

1. Angiosperm 

2. Gymnosperm

Exarch, phelloderm

During winter season the cambium stops its activity. In spring season cambium becomes more active and produce large quantity of secondary tissue. The secondary xylem produced during spring season is called springwood. During autumn season and summer season the cambium becomes less active and produces small quantity of secondary tissue. The secondary xylem produced during this period is called autumn wood.

Phloem fibers of plants like jute are used for making ropes.

In spring season the activity of cambium is more and produces large no. of xylem vessels with wide lumen. But in Autumn season the activity of cambium is less and produces fewer no. of xylem vessels with narrow lumen.

The plant group is Gymnosperm

Phloem is removed and food translocation becomes difficult.

Cork cambium develops in cortex region during secondary growth in stem. Cork cambium cut off cork (phellum) towards the outside and secondary cortex or phellodem towards the inner-side.

Both apical and intercalary meristems are meristems primary

a. Collenchyma 

b. Sclerenchyma

(d) all of these

(a) secondary xylem

• The first figure is the Sclerenchymatus tissue. 
• The second figure is the collenchymatous tissue. 
• In sclerenchyma tissue, the cell walls are lignified and dead. 
• In collenchymatous tissue, the cell walls are thick and living.

1. Bark – It is the tissue outside vascular cambium. 

Periderm – It is the outer protective tissue It includes phellem, phellogen, and phelloderm. 

2. Heartwood – It is the dark coloured, nonfunctional central part of wood resistant to the attack of microorganisms. 

Sap wood – It is the light coloured, functional and peripheral part of wood.

3. Endarch – It is the arrangement of xylem in which protoxylem facing towards centre and metaxylem towards the periphery, eg. stem. 

Exarch – It is the arrangement of xylem in which Metaxylem facing towards centre and protoxylem towards periphery.eg: Root.

1. Distinguish between heartwood and sapwood 

Heartwood

• found in the central part 
• nonfunctional 
• dark coloured

Sapwood

• found in peripheral part 
• functional 
• light coloured

2. Heartwood is resistant to microbial attack and it is filled with resin, gum, essential oil, aromatic oil, and tannins. Hence heartwood is durable

Elements of Innovation: Collaboration, Ideation, Implementation and Value Creation. Innovation requires collaboration, ideation, implementation and value creation. Community developers actively engaged in innovation illustrated each of these elements during breakout sessions.

The important types of projects mentioned in the following points. 

(1) Research and Development projects: Those traders are fast being intruded into by technological innovation a lot of money is required to be invested on the research and development programmes. 

(2) Diversification project: Any project which wants to reduce its risks instead of giving its product to the same market, can start its business in different markets.

(3) Expansion projects: For any business organisation, when there is growing an instance demand of its product resulting in short supply, it becomes quite imperative increase its production capacity. As such additional capital investment is needed. 

(4) Replacement project: Such project refer to the events of ruining or destruction of the capital assets, or the technological failure resulting into a statement, there is a need of replacement project. As such in this event, the old machines and equipments are required to be replaced with new one replacement projects for establishing new infrastructure are induced in this project planning. 

(5) Miscellaneous Projects: Such ventures that need to invest in those projects which are not directly related to the earning of profits for example due to legal obligations an organisation is required to instal the pollutions control equipment. As such projects, it is the miscellaneous projects which are required.

Xylem is the vascular tissue responsible for the transport of water and nutrients from the roots in the soil to the above-ground parts of the plant.

Answer is option (b)

Viruses that present a high mutation rate like the virus that causes the common cold escape easily from the action of vaccines against them. After a primary immune response (natural or artificially induced) against the virus in the next season of infection new mutant resistant strains appear and the protection obtained with the immune response of the last season is lost. (One could say that the high mutation rate is a form of “immunization” found by these viruses.)

Correct option is (4) Due to electronic vacancy density of solid increases

Theory based

\(rn=\frac {52.9( n2 ) }{Z}pm\)

For first orbit of H-atom, n = 1

Atomic number (z) of H-atom = 1

∴r₁ \(= \frac{52.9(1) ^2}{1}\)

= 52.9 pm = 5.29 × 10^-11m

Correct option is (a) Work function

Wo (minimum energy to eject electron is work function) = hv_o. (Threshold frequency) h = 6.6 x 10^-34 J/S

Correct option is  (a) Sc³⁺, Zn²⁺

Sc³⁺ - [Ar]

Zn²⁺- 3d¹⁰

Both of them have completely filled orbitals.

Therefore, both are colourless

Correct answer is 2.

Diamagnetic species are: N₂, O₂^2–

Correct option is (b) Ba(N₃)₂

Ba(N₃)₂ → Ba + 3N₂

Concept:

Properties of logarithms:

\(\rm \frac{log a}{logb}=\log_ba\)

(logx)ⁿ = nlogx

\(\rm \log_aa=1\)

Calculation:

Here, log3 {log3 [log3 x]} = log3 3

⇒ log3 {log3 [log3 x]} = 1                ....(∵ \(\rm \log_aa=1\))

⇒ {log3 [log3 x]} = 3¹ = 3

⇒ [log3 x] = 3³ = 27

⇒ x = 3²⁷

Concept:

Let A be a set in which the relation R defined. 

1.R is said to be a Reflexive Relation  (a, a) ∈ R

2. R is said to be a symmetric relation, if (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R

Calculations:

Given set is A = {1, 2, 3}

and the relation is R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} 

Let A be a set in which the relation R defined.

1.R is said to be a Reflexive Relation  (a, a) ∈ R

2. R is said to be a symmetric relation, if (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R

Since, 1, 2 , 3 ∈ A and (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) \(\rm ∈ R\)

⇒ Every element maps to itself.

⇒ R is Reflexive 

Now, 1, 2 , 3 \(\rm ∈ R\)

(1, 2), (2, 3) \(\rm ∈ R\) ⇒  (1, 3) \(\rm ∈ R\)

⇒R relates 1 to 2 and 2 to 3, then R also relates 1 to 3

⇒ R is Transitive 

Here, R is not symmetric relation, as (a, b) ∈ R \(\neq \) (b, a) ∈ R

Hence, The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} on a set A = {1, 2, 3} is reflexive transitive but not symmetric.

Concept:

A relation R in a set A is called 

• Reflexive, if (a, a) ∈ R, for every a ∈ A.
• Symmetric, if (a, b) ∈ R implies that (b, a) ∈ R, for all a, b ∈A.
• Transitive, if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R  implies that (a, c) ∈ R, for all a, b, c ∈A.

Calculation:

Given: R = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}

Reflexive:

As we can see that, (1, 1), (2, 2) does not belong to R. Hence R is not reflexive.

Symmetric:

As we can see that, (1, 2) ∈ R but (2, 1) does not belong to R. Hence relation R is not symmetric.

Transitive:

As we can see that (1, 2), (2, 3)∈ R and (1, 3) also belong to R. Hence relation R is transitive.

Hence, option 2 is the correct answer.

Concept:

A relation R in a set A is called 

• Reflexive, if (a, a) ∈ R, for every a ∈ A.
• Symmetric, if (a, b) ∈ R implies that (b, a) ∈ R, for all a, b ∈A.
• Transitive, if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R  implies that (a, c) ∈ R, for all a, b, c ∈A.

Calculation:

Given: R = {(x, y) : y - x + √3 is an irrational number, where x, y ∈ R}

Reflexive:

If xRx ⇔ x - x + √3 = √3 and we know that √3  is irrational number.

Hence, relation R is reflexive.

Symmetric:

If x = 1, y = √3 and we can see that y - x + √3 = 2√3 - 1 which is an irrational number. So, (x, y) ∈ R.

But we can see that, x - y + √3 = 1 and 1 is not an irrational number. So, (y, x) does not belongs to R.

Hence, relation R is not symmetric.

Transitive:

As we can see that, (√3, √2) ∈ R, (√2, 1) ∈ R but (√3, 1) does not belongs to R

Hence, relation R is not transitive.