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(c) Deccan Education Society

Socio-religious reforms of Basaveshwara: Basaveshwara was a revolutionary reformer. He wanted to build a classless and caste less society. The first step to him was integration of the people on equal status, regardless of caste. He advocated equality of all human beings. He strongly opposed – blind beliefs, superstitions, image worship, ritualism, pilgrimage and taking holy baths in the river. He tried to wipe out the evil practice of untouchability and encouraged intercaste marriages.

He made it clear that caste system does not have the base of Dharmashastra. He encouraged interdining and gave lingadeeksha to the untouchable Nagadeva and accepted his hospitality. Encouragingg inter caste marriage, he performed the marriage of Brahmin Madhuvaiah’s daughter with Harijan Haralaiah’s son.

Orthodox people were disturbed by these revolutionary acts of Basaveshwara and gave a complaint to King Bijjala that he was spending the money from the treasury to benefit his followers and that he was spoiling Hinduism. Bijjala gave death sentence to Madhuvaiah and Haralaiah.

When the news of the death of Madhuvaiah and Haralaiah spread, Basaveshwara was upset and gave up his post as minister and went to Kudalasangama. This led to a revolt by his followers and in this revolt Bijjala was murdered.

Disapproving animal sacrifice, Basaveshwara said “Kindness is the source of religion” (Dayave dharmada moolavaiah). He gave the concept of ‘work is worship’. This was the main message of Basaveshwara to mankind. He. tried to propagate purity, morality and humanistic approach through his vachanas.

He rejected the idea of building temples. He questioned the need and purpose to build temples when our own body is a temple, where God resides. He felt that his body was the temple, his legs were its pillars and his head was its golden tower.

The Portuguese were the first Europeans to start a Joint stock company trade with India.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy was the great socio-religious reformer of modern India. He is called the “Father and prophet of Indian Renaissance”. He had a deep knowledge of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, and sufism. He was very much influenced by the English language and western thoughts.

His primary aim was to reform the society and religion. He had to face the challenges of orthodox, Hindus and fanatic Christian missionaries.

1. Religious reforms : Raja Ram Mohan Roy wanted to bring about reforms in Hindustan by getting rid of idol-worship, sacrifices, and caste rigidity. On 20^th August 1828, he founded the Brahmo Samaj at Calcutta. The main purpose of the Brahmo Samaj was to establish a casteless society based on common worship.

Brahmo Samaj taught that ‘God is one, every religion possesses truth, idol worship arid ritualism are meaningless and social evils have no connection with religion”. The followers of all religions were invited to come and worship in the same temple in a spirit of brotherhood.

2. Social reforms: He carried on a long struggle against the social evils like the practice of Sati, child marriages, polygamy, untouchability, and purdah system. Widows used to burn themselves up in the funeral pyres of their husbands and Raja Ram Mohan Roy organised agitations against this inhuman custom of Sati.

It was due to his persuasion that Lord William Bentinck abolished Sati in 1829 and declared it a legal offence. He worked for the improvement of the status of women and for their education. He encouraged intercaste marriages and remarriage of widows.

The Correct Answer is The wind direction is clockwise in the southern hemisphere and anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere.

• Cyclones are rapid inward air circulation around a low-pressure area. Hence option 1 is Not Correct.
• The air circulates in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere. Hence option 3 is Correct.
• Cyclones are usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.

• The word Cyclone is derived from the Greek word Cyclos meaning the coils of a snake.
• It was coined by Henry Peddington because the tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea appear like coiled serpents of the sea.
• There are two types of cyclones:
  • Tropical cyclones
  • Extra-Tropical cyclones (also called Temperate cyclones or middle-latitude cyclones or Frontal cyclones or Wave Cyclones).

The correct answer is Qutub-ud-din-Aibak.

• In 1200 AD, Qutab-ud-din Aibak, the first Muslim king of Delhi, began building on the Qutab Minar but was only able to complete the basement. Iltutmush, his successor, added three more floors, and Firoz Shah Tughlak completed the fifth and last storey in 1368.
• The Qutub Minar is a minaret and "victory tower" that is part of the Qutb complex.
• It is also written Qutb Minar and Qutab Minar. It is located in the Mehrauli neighbourhood of New Delhi, India, and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• It can be likened to the 62-metre all-brick Minaret of Jam in Afghanistan, which was built in 1190, a decade or so before the Delhi tower's likely start.

• Qutb al-Din Aibak was a Ghurid king Muhammad Ghori's general.
• He was in control of the Ghurid provinces in northern India, and after Muhammad Ghori's death, he established an independent state that eventually became the Mamluk-ruled Delhi Sultanate.

(d) Mir Kasim

(a) Lord Dalhousie

The correct answer is Taj Mahal.

• Agra is know for Taj Mahal (Tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan for the memory of his favourite wife).
• The Taj Mahal is in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1983.
• Ustad Ahmad Lahauri was the chief architect of Taj mahal.
• Construction of Taj Mahal was started in AD 1632 and was completed in late 1648 AD

• Agra Fort is a historical fort in the city of Agra in India. It was the main residence of the emperors of the Mughal Dynasty until1638.
• Moti Masjid inside Agra Fort was built by Mughal emperor Shah jahan.
• The tomb of Akbar is at sikandra, approximately 8 km from main city of Agra.
• Fatehpur Sikri is a town in the Agra District, known for Buland Darwaza, and Tomb of Salim Chishti, the city itself was founded as the capital of Mughal Empire in 1571 by Emperor Akbar to 1585.

• Red Fort was built by Mughal emperors Shah Jahan. 
  • Construction of Red Fort was started in AD 1639 and was completed in late 1648 AD. 
  • Ustad Ahmad Lahauri was the chief architect of Red Fort .
  • Moti Masjid inside Red Fort, Delhi was built by Aurangzeb.
  • Red Fort is in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2007.
• Qutub Minar is the  world's tallest minaret built of bricks.
  • The height of Qutb Minar is about 73 meters.
  • The construction of Qutub Minar was started by Qutb-ud-din Aibak (Founder of the Slave Dynasty) and completed by Shamsuddin Iltutmish(Second ruler of Slave Dynasty).
  • The topmost storey was built by Firoz Shah Tughlaq of Tughlaq Dynasty.
  • Qutub Minar is in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Prathisthana or Paithan was the capital of the Sathavahanas.

Excavation is the scientific digging of earth for unearthing ancient buildings or artifacts belonging to earlier periods.

Correct option is  A. only P

A. country P

It was signed between Gandhiji and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in 1932.

1. Gandhara art: The Kushana period was famous for the growth of Gandhara art. The important centres of this art were Jalalabad, Hadda and Baniyan in Afghanistan. Peshawar became the meeting ground of the eastern and western cultures. Greek and roman sculptors and artists were brought to construct buildings, viharas, and chaityas.

This art was a combination of the Indian and Greek (GrecoBuddhist) styles. This new school of art called the Gandhar school of art originated in the Gandhara region, now in Afghanistan. Main characteristics of the Gandhara art:

a. In this school of art, the life size statues of Buddha were carved. Until then, the Buddhist existence was shown only in the form of symbols like lotus, umbrella, etc. 

b. While carving the statues, utmost care was given to the symmetry of the body including the muscles and moustaches which were shown in a natural setting.

c. In the specimens of the craftsmanship of this art, the folds and turns of the clothes were exhibited with minute care and skill. 

d. In this art, the ornaments that were carved on the statues received much attention which added to the physical beauty of the statues.

e. Polishing the statues was an important feature of this art. 

f. The specimens were mostly prepared in stone, terracotta, and clay. 

g. The technique used in making the statues was greek but the idea, inspiration, and personality were all Indian. According to Dr. R.C. Mazumdar “The Gandhara artist had the hand of a Greek but the heart of an Indian.

It is for this reason, that in the statues and images made under this art, an attempt was made to carve Lord Buddha like the Greek God Appolo. The Gandhara style spread to south east Asian countries as the parent of the Buddhist art.”

Administrative reforms :

1. Kingship (Sultan) : Allauddin followed an independent policy regarding political matters. He was a strong and efficient ruler. He set up a strong central administration. He was the supreme authority in the state and combined civil and military talents in remarkable measures. He did not permit the interference of religious leaders in administrative matters.

He believed in the divine origin of Kingship and cherished the ideas that the King was the representative of God (Shadow of God). He once said “I issue orders as I conceive to be, for the good of the state and benefit of the people”.

2. Espionage: He established a spy network, to get information regarding the activities of all the nobles of his court. He also tried to prevent out break of rebellions within the Empire and formation of any conspiracy against him. He deprived the Nobles of all pensions and endowments. He forbade social parties and secret meetings of the Nobles, even in their houses. 

3. Prohibition of drinking: He banned the sale and the use of intoxicating drinks and drugs in Delhi and drastic punishment was meted out to those who were guilty of violation. He knew that gambling dens and drinking bouts were the breeding grounds of sedition. 

4. Military reforms: The standing army: Allauddin maintained a large standing army for maintaining internal order and prevent the invasion of the Mongols. He personally supervised the activities of the soldiers and paid them salaries regularly.

The state maintained a record of the Huliya or register of each soldier and his mount in the royal service. He also introduced the branding of horses or Dagh system. Ariz – i – Mumalik was the in charge for the appointment of soldiers.

5. Revenue reforms:

• Allauddin introduced scientific methods of measurement of land, for the asssessment of land revenue. 
• He imposed heavy taxes on the Sardars, Jagirdars and Ulemas. 
• He imposed Jazia, pilgrim, octroi and other taxes on non – muslims. 
• He appointed a special officer called “Mustakhraj’ to collect land revenue from the peasants. 
• In order to check bribery and corruption among revenue officials and to safeguard the peasants from the demands of corrupt revenue officials, their salaries were increased.

6. Market regulation: The most remarkable of all these, was an attempt to control the market, by determining the cost of most of the essential commodities. Prices of all articles of common use were fixed. A separate department and officers were appointed to regulate the market prices of commodities on a daily basis.

7. Evaluation of Allauddin: He is renowned not only for his conquests, but also for his administrative and economic reforms. He was vigorous, efficient, bold and original as a reformer. He established an absolute state, free from the control of religion. His resourcefulness, energy, and capacity for work, his unbounded courage tempered with calculation and penetrating common sense stand out.

B. stationery

C. The value of final goods and services is added up for all the three sectors for one year.

C. Diary and poultry producers suffered a loss when the shops went on strike.

C. The production in all the three sectors has increased and it has increased the most in the tertiary sector.

The correct answer is Tethys Ocean.

• Tethys Sea was an ocean during much of the Mesozoic Era located between the ancient continents of Gondwana and Laurasia.
• It was before the opening of the Indian and Atlantic oceans during the Cretaceous Period.
• It is also called Neotethys.
• Desert area of the Rajasthan is a part of Tethys Ocean.

• The Indo-Gangetic Plain is also known as the following:
  • Indus-Ganga Plain
  • North Indian River Plain
  • It is a 2.5-million km².
  • It is a fertile plain.
• The Deccan Plateau is a large plateau in western and southern India.
• Angarida is an ancient craton in Siberia.

(b) Calcutta (1906)

(c) Biggest banker in Bengal

Rohelas were of Afghan origin.

Shuja-ud-Daulah wanted to acquire the territory of Rohelas.

(a) election of the President of the INC

(c) for seditious writings in his paper Kesari

(a)  Jatin  Das.

(c) Swami Vivekanand

(b) Bipin Chandra Pal

Khilafat Movement was organised to protest against the injustice done to Turkey.

Dadabai Naroji propounded the Drain theory.

(c) Regulating Act, 1773

The correct answer is 1965.

• The Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement between India and Pakistan signed on 10 January 1966 that resolved the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. 

• The 1965 Indo-Pak war took place between April 1965 and September 1965.
• The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule.
• The actual war was seventeen-day that caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II.
• The war was ended with the UNSC Resolution 211 following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States.

• Since Independence 4 wars took place between India and Pakistan.
  • 1947 (Kashmir Conflict)
  • 1965
  • 1971 (Bangladesh Liberation War)
  • 1999 (Kargil Conflict)

(i). D unpaid leaves

(ii). C are not bound by government laws that protect workers 

(iii). D The country has seen a fall in the formal employment system.

(iv). A greater demand for services 

(v). A street vendor 

Tippu Sultan had to cede half of his Kingdom to the British and pay 330 lakhs of rupees as war indemnity. On his failure to pay the amount, he had to keep two of his sons as hostages with the British.

Macaulay opined that “A single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia”.

Three main defects (demerits) of democracy are as follows: 

1. Corrupt system of administration: 

In practical context, democracy is dominated by lies, fraud, dishonesty and corruption. For obtaining powers, political parties prepare farcical and deceptive manifesto. They make false promises to the people and adopt improper and immoral means to please their supporters. After winning the election, they provide different types of favor to them. 

2. Administration of unqualified persons: 

In democracy, unqualified persons get entry into administration on the basis of money and muscle power. They do not have any inclusive training of polities. By merely a simple qualification, of being a senior member of the victorious party, they reach the pinnacle of system of governance. 

3. Lack of social equality: 

In practical terms, social equality is not established in democracy. The main cause of this continuity is high-low, the rich and the poor, class struggle and economic inequalities. These inequalities are the main hindrances in the path of social equality in democratic countries.

(a) (i) It was the culture of India that made her a great country.

(ii) This statement “India was in my blood” expresses the feeling of the writer who was born and brought up in India that excited him always.

(iii) The writer wanted to change the outlook and appearance of India and to give her the garb of modernity.

(iv) No, the writer never thought of destroying the great cultural heritage of India.

(v) Jawaharlal Nehru is the writer of the passage.

(b)

(a) (i) No, it is not correct to say that the Vedic literature is the most ancient literature in the world.

(ii) Mesopotamian and Egyptian literatures are prior to the Vedas. (iii) The word Veda means Knowledge.

(iv) The basic texts are the four samhitas or compilations of metrical hymnals or Mantras.

(v) Mantra means that which is thought out by the mind and the sage or Muni is the person who is capable of that deep absorption of the mind which leads to the formulation of the Mantra.

(b) (i) (a) basic – necessary: (b) definite – certain

(ii) (a) Tenable – The arguments put before the authority by you are not tenable.

(b) Races – There are many races in our India.

(iii) (a) Knowledge – ignorance

(b) more – less

(c) capable – incapable

(iv) (a) sacred – holy: (b) ancient – old

The Right option is :(c) 1 and 2

The Right option is :(b) 2 only 

(a) Nehru, Tito, Nasser

The two founder nations of NAM are India and Egypt.

1. d. all of these

2. a. name of the organisation

3. d. officer

4. d. all of these

5. b.third person

a. iii. found

b. ii. bag has been found

c  ii. neighbourhood park

d iii. few documents and some cash