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No need of a good trademark in utility of product.

The birth place of marketing management in America.

Undoubtedly, Management in both art as well as science. In facts, its interrelationship between science and art is inseparable. The science based on principles is incomplete in absence of behavioural knowledge and vice-versa or for a successful manager, both knowledge and experience are of paramount importance.

Management is the development of men and not the direction of things statement is of Lawrence A Appley. 

Certain assets is goodwill of a firm.

Consumer protection was passed in 1986.  

Merger means Combination of two or more business.

Dividend is Appropriation profit.

Labour-intensive technique is appropriate because it relates with Unstable Nature.

Labour- intensive technique is useful For developing countries. 

Advertisement is opposed by society due to High price.

Management is an art of Both for doing himself work and taking work from others.

Management is Art and Science. 

Public deposit are the source of Medium term finance. 

The five functions of supply chain management include the following:

1. Purchasing
The first function of supply chain management is purchasing. In the manufacturing process, raw materials are required to produce goods and products. It is important that these materials are procured and delivered on time so that production can begin. For this to occur, coordination with suppliers and delivery companies will be required to avoid any potential delays. 

2. Operations
Demand planning and forecasting are usually required before materials can be procured, as the demand market will dictate how many units to be produced and how much material is required for production. This function is important in supply chain management as organizations must accurately forecast demand to avoid having too much or too little inventory that will lead to losses in revenue. Therefore, demand planning and forecasting must be tied in with inventory management, production, and shipping to avoid such mistakes. 

3. Logistics
Logistics is the part of supply chain management that coordinates all aspects of planning, purchasing, production, warehousing, and transportation so that the products will reach the end-consumer without any hindrances. It is helpful to have adequate communication between multiple departments so that products can be shipped to customers quickly and at the lowest cost. 

4. Resource Management
Production consumes raw materials, technology, time, and labor. Resource management ensures that the right resources are allocated to the right activities in an optimized manner. This will ensure that an optimized production schedule is created to maximize the efficiency of the operations. When calculating the available capacity, you should consider the capabilities of each resource and determine whether they can perform the work that is scheduled on it. This will ensure that you are not over-promising orders and that your production schedule is feasible and accurate.

5. Information Workflow
Information sharing and distribution is what keeps all of the other functions of supply chain management on track. If the information workflow and communication are poor, it could break apart the entire chain. Many disruptions that arise in supply chains can be prevented by increased visibility and communication. Having a consistent system that is used by all departments will ensure that everyone is working with the same set of data and will prevent miscommunications and time spent updating everyone on new developments. 

Capital-intensive technique is favoured due to Repaid economic growth, Social influence and Incensement in employment opportunities.      

Labelling is Necessary.

The purpose of advertisement is To attract potential buyers, To inform and guide customers and To make publicity of product.

The best example of variable cost is Material cost.

Preliminary Exp. Written off is not an operating Expenses. 

Venture capitals provided for Very risk unit, Technical unit and Organisation units.    

(1) Modernisation – In order to keep pace with the business race, an entrepreneur must ensure a constant process of modernisation of his merchandise, by means of colours, types, size, design and modern techniques. In this strategy, where the cost per unit will be low and on the other hand, the desire of the consumers for acquiring new modernised merchandise will also to satisfied. 

(2) Expansion- A successful entrepreneur never feels satisfied with the present profit rather continues to explore new vistas in the market for enhancing the rate of production in a better way. He opens new branches and by installing a better technical infrastructure, he expands his business. 

(3) Diversification- The organisations manufacturing the identical products reach a state of saturation which acquires a risky proportion. In wake of the current market conditions, it would be advisable to resort to the strategy of diversification. It is also essential since the life of any product has its own limit and thereafter, it starts disappearing from the market scene. Diversification may be in the product itself or it may be entirely different. It is like the L.G.company which manufactured television has now diversified to computer, fridge and washing machine, etc. Similarly, L&T which is an engineering company has switched over to the production of cement. 

(4) Substitution- This strategy is adopted when it appears to an entrepreneur that the existing product has no future and is heading towards obsolescence, thus it is to be substituted with another product such as a new ball pen instead of an ink pen, is an example of substitution. 

(5) Merger- All the above-mentioned strategies are the internal ones which remain in force within the organisation but the “merger” is an external strategy. Here, two or more organisation come together or by a large enterprise, a smaller one is merged with. By doing so, the smaller enterprise survives from being closed rather becomes one with the mightier one. 

(6) Joint Venture – This strategy is adopted when an entrepreneur lacks competency of running any enterprise at his own and seeks support from others in running the company successfully in a form of partnership. But the difference here is that in case of joint venture, the ownership, does not remain distinct after the job is done.

Maximum wide scope is of Packing. 

The unique, peculiar, and distinctive features of human resources are as under:

1. Human resource is the only factor of production that lives.
2. Human resources created all other resources.

The Mauryan administration was a highly centralised administration. A council of ministers called Mantriparishad were thus appointed for assisting the king. The council consisted of Purohita, Mahamantri, Senapthi and Yuvaraja. The important functionaries were known as the Tirthas.

Aspects of project evaluation are Technical evaluation, Financial evaluation and Managerial evaluation.    

Risk capital foundation was established by IFCI. 

The management process through which goods and services, move from concept to the customer, marketing is based on thinking about the business in term of customer needs and their satisfaction.

Risk capital foundation was established in 1975.

There are two kinds of forces which contribute to the emergence of an enterprise in the similar manner as the parents who cause birth to a child. When the strength of an entrepreneur in terms of ability, potentials and knowledge identified itself with the prevailing market environment, it gives rise to a new enterprise in industrial or market sector. Before giving a tangible form to his enterprise the entrepreneur makes his strategies and following this not only the birth of a new enterprise takes place but its future growth and visibility is also ensured so that this blossoming enterprise acquire a symbol of growth. 

Bill Bolton and John Thompson have stated “strategies are the things that enterprises do, the paths they follow and decision they take in order to reach certain points and level of success.”

1. Human Resource Planning (HRP):

It is the first step of human resource management. HRP is a process through which the company makes an assessment of the present manpower-the number of people employed, number of post vacant, whether there is excess or shortage of staff and prepares plans and policies to deal with them accordingly. It also estimates the future man power requirement. It matches the supply and availability of manpower with the company’s purpose and makes the best person available for the job.

2. Job Analysis: 

An important task of HRM is job analysis. It provides the basis for recruitment, training and development of staff. Every job is analysed to identify the inherent requirement of the job – “what the job demands of a worker”. Job analysis provides a detailed picture of the nature of job, the skill and abilities required to perform the job, the duties and responsibilities of the worker required for the job.

This helps in the process of recruitment and selection, to appoint the appropriate person for the job and also facilitates arranging training and development programme for the employees to match their skill and abilities with the job requirement.

3. Job Evaluation:

It forms the basis of wage and salary determination. Different jobs are compared and evaluated to determine the relative importance of different jobs within the organization. The jobs are compared, graded and ranked. Job evaluation determines how much pay to be affixed to the particular job on the basis of their importance in the organisation functioning. This helps to determine a fair wage and salary and to determine a rational pay structure.

4. Recruitment and Selection:

The company on the basis of human resource planning and job analysis identifies the requirement of personnel and explores different internal and external sources from where manpower can be acquired. This process is called recruitment. The right person is selected and put to work.

Performance Appraisal:

It is a systematic method of evaluating the performance of employees. This helps to assess the efficiency, strength and weakness of the employees. It is a controlling process whereby the employees’ performance is matched with the standard level of performance and remedial measures taken in case actual performance does not meet the standard.

It helps the management in their decision-making relating to promotion, pay hike that may be rewarded if the employee meets standard or outperforms the standard. It also helps the management to decide about the training and development needs for employees, who needs up gradation and development of skill.

6. Training and Development:

Human resource management is concerned with arrangement of training and development programme for the newly appointed staff as well as for existing employees. This helps to enhance the qualitative and quantitative performance of the work force.

7. Employee Compensation:

Human resource management performs the function of determining the pay structure for different employees on the basis of qualification, efficiency, experience, nature of the job. It also determines rewards and incentives to be paid for their contribution towards the organisation.

8. Employee Motivation:

Motivation of employees is essential for retention and sustenance of employees within the organisation. Motivation plays an important role in management of personnel. It helps to improve productivity of personnel. There are different ways by which employees may be encouraged. Recognition and reward for performance, promotion, pay-hike, and other monetary and non-monetary rewards motivate the employees.

9. Employee Welfare:

Human resource management focuses on the welfare of employees by providing canteen facilities, creches, rest and lunch rooms, housing, transport, medical assistance, education, health and safety, medical care, sickness benefits, recreation facilities.

It aims at improving the quality of work life by providing a better environment worth working, job security, flexible working hours, eliminating workplace hazards, which will have a positive impact on the productivity and quality of work. Along with monetary benefits provided to employees these non-monetary benefits improves the morale of the employees and motivates them.

10. Industrial Relation:

Labour unrest, conflicts between the work groups and between workers and management over issues like low wage, bad work environment are common problems that must be handled carefully by establishing a balance between the worker’s interest and interest of the organisation and management. Human resource management considers establishment and maintenance of harmonious and cordial relation between employer and employees.

The primary cause of America prosperity is Efficient management.

Correct option is C. A is true but R is false

Fixed cost :- A fixed cost is a cost that does not change with an increase or decrease in the amount of goods, services produced or sold.

Variable cost:- A variable cost is a cost that varies in the relation to change in the volume of activity.

Easy information is Sale Trading.

State government provide subsidy to small industries on Payment of Interest, technical knowledge and transport.  

A project report to an entrepreneur is like a road map by the help of which he is able to reach his proposed destination. How can accomplish his objective within the stipulated time frame the description of these facts is termed as project report. It is prepared for the accomplished of the following:

1. It serve as a path finder for the enterprise. 

2. On the basis of the project report a financer decides to render the financial aid. 

3. It also gives an opportunity for evaluating the project. 

4. It also explains the estimated investment and the prospective income. 

As such it is becomes apparent that the project report is easy to help for the entrepreneur as for the banks financial agencies and inventors and the government too.

Risk capital foundation was established in 1975.  

Correct option is A. i and ii

Subsidy is Re-Payment.

There are following characteristics of Project Report:-

1. Project Report is a comprehensive thesis of a project with a complete detail of it.

2. Project Report is prepared after when all the initial probable hurdles are crossed and the need of a project realised.

These are factors execution of project establishment: 

(i) Arranging the site – Prior to setting up of an enterprise, all the facilities which necessitate the project should be carefully considered in terms of water, electricity and Geographical approaches etc. 

(ii) Construction of building – The site of building is provided in the industrial area on rent by the government; otherwise, according to the suitability of the project, either the land or the building can also be obtained on rent from some private agency. If this is not possible the private land can be purchased in which a building can be raised according to suitability of production, technical infrastructure and other considerations. 

(iii) Settings of Machines and Equipment- Purchasing of machinery and utmost caution need to be exercised and in the beginning it should be installed by the vendor company enabling the company”s employee watch the operation carefully and till the beginning of the operation the vendors company representative should be detained so that any sang be rectified it if occurs. 

(iv) Trail production – Soon after the machinery and other technical infrastructure gets installed a limited production from the raw material should start to see of any improvement is needed in the finished product. In this way the production is properly examined before it reaches in the market.

(v) Packing and distribution arrangement- Entrepreneur now chooses to give a kick to the production process. The good is nicely packed and dispatched for distribution as this aspect is already carefully considered.T he insure sent to goods to the wholesaler, retailer or to some agent. 

(vi) Entry into the market – The merchandise gets launched into the market and this phase is the real test of the entrepreneur”s ability. The entrepreneur keeps a constant vigil around the market with regard to the market response to his product and brings about changes as per market aspiration and expectation.

An opportunity means to take advantage in the present circumstances co-incidently. Some people identify it and take benefit where as other could not take benefit of it. The Opportunity does not has stability, it comes for some days only and then it goes away. The entrepreneur starts, industry or business after thinking about the possibilities.

Correct option is A. antipodal, zygote and endosperm

Debenture Redemption Fund is the amount set aside out of surplus, i.e. balance in statement of profit and loss for Redeeming the Debentures. Section 71(4) of the Companies Act, 2013, requires the Company to create debenture redemption reserve out of the profits available for payment of dividend and the amount so credited to DRR shall not be utilised by the Company except for the redemption of debentures. DRR is required to be created for Non-convertible Debentures (NCD) and non-convertible part of Partly Convertible Debentures (PCD) . Following Companies are required to create DRR of an amount equal to 25 % of the Value of Debentures. 

(i) Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) registered with RBI. 

(ii) Financial Institutions (other than All India Financial Institutions regulated by RBI). 

(vi) Housing Finance Companies registered with National Housing Bank. DRR is not required for privately placed debenture by the above three classes companies.

On Creation of Debenture Redemption Reserve 

Surplus i.e. Balance in Statement of Profit and Loss Dr 

To Debenture Redemption Reserve A/c 

Standing plans:- Standing plans are used only one, or at most, couple of times, because they focus on unique or rare situation.

Single use plans :- A set of activities aimed at achieving a specific goal with in a particular budget and time period that is unlikely to be repeated in future.

There are followings four works of packagings:-

(1) Protection of product.

(2) Advertisement of product

(3) Increase the value of product

(4) Reputaion of product.

Bill Bolton and John Thompson say, “What does the strategies mean in setting up of an enterprise” after accepting the importance of strategies that strategies are those which are performed by the enterprise. It is the same path on which they run it is that decision by which they reach up to the definite level of the success.

Correct option is A. The flower type which survived is Cleistogamous and it will always exhibit autogamy