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Fertilization is the process of the fusion of the male and the female gamete to form a diploid zygote. After fertilization, the zygote divides several times to form an embryo. The fertilized ovule forms a seed. The seed contains an embryo, enclosed in a protective covering, called the seed coat. As the seed grows further, other floral parts wither and fall off. This leads to the growth of the ovary, which enlarges and ripens to become a fruit with a thick wall called the pericarp.

Parthenogenesis is a process in which the female gamete of some organisms like rotifers, honeybee and birds (Turkey), undergoes development to form new organisms without fertilization. 

Mound layering – Mound layering is used for heavy-stemmed shrubs and trees. Air layering – Air layering is done by peeling the bark from the middle of a branch and covering this exposed wood with moss and plastic wrap. Roots will form inside the moss, and you can cut the rooted tip from the plant.

Advantages of Herbicide Tolerant Crops:

• Weed control improves higher crop yields.
• Reduces spray of herbicide.
• Reduces competition between crop plant and weed.
• Use of low toxicity compounds which do not remain active in the soil. 
• The ability to conserve soil structure and micro

1. They give a birds eye view of the entire data at a glance. 

2. They can be easily understood by the common people. 

If Q = -ve there is negative association or dissociation and if Q = +ve there is a positive association between the attributes.

(i) The curve is bell-shaped and X̄ = M = z
(ii) The curve is symmetric i.e, Non-skew ((β₁ = 0)
(iii) The curve is meso kurtic (β₂ = 3)
(iv) Area under the curve is ‘1’.
(v) For the distribution : Mean = m, variance = 6² and S . D = σ.

The two regression lines intersect at (x̄,ȳ) and they coincide where there is a perfect correlation.

Coefficient of deviation = CMD = MD(M)/M = 12/50 = 0.24.

1. Two regression lines coincide at (x̄, ȳ) 

2. Two regression lines intersect when there is a perfect correlation.

Let x be the number of girls is a binomial variate with the parameters n-5,p = 0.35 and
p = 1 -P
= 1 – 0.35 = 0.65.
Then the p is:
p(x) = nc_x p^x q^{n – x}; x = 0,1,2, …… n
= 5c_x (0.35)^x (0.65)^5-x; x = 0,1,2, …….. 5
(i) p( girls ) =p(x = 2) = = 5c₂ (0.35)² (0.65)^{5 – 2} 

= 10 x 0.1225 x 0.2746 = 0.3364
(ii) p(at least one is a girl) = p(x > 1) 

= 1 – p (x < 1) = 1 – p (x = 0)
= 1 -5C₀ (0.35)⁰ (0.65)^{5 – 0}

= 1 – [1 x 1 x 0.1160] = 0.884

The graphs of regression equations are called regression lines. They intersect at (x̄, ȳ).

1. myosin 

2. Femur

1. True 

2. False, H-zone represents thick laments 

3. True

4. False, There are 12 pairs of ribs in man 

5. True

• Simple Bar diagram 
• Multiple Bar diagram 
• Component Bar diagram 
• Percentage Bar diagram.

(a) – (iv) 

(b) – (ii) 

(c) – (i) 

(d) – (iii)

The following points are considered while framing a schedule/questionnaire.

• Questions should be simple and easy to understand to get spontaneous answers. 
• Questions should not confuse the reader and they should give one and only one meaning 
• The number of questions should be kept minimum 
• If possible the questions should be capable of getting a definite answers, with either yes or no, a number , a place or a date etc.,
•  Questions should be capable of tabulating 
• The questions should be such that the least intelligent and a educated can answer them with least trouble 
• The questions should be arranged in logical order 
• The questions which hurt the feelings of the informant and which are of personal and confidential nature should be avoided 
• A far as possible the questions put should be corroborator at least on the point of importance 0 The questions should pretested in a small group of individuals before it is used 
• Questionnaire should look attractive.
• If possible a covering letter is attached along with the questionnaire.

The coefficient of correlation is 

1. Independents of units of measurement 

2. Independent of orgin and scale.

1. Pivot joint 

2. Saddle joint 

3. Gliding joint 

4. Ball and socket joint 

5. Fibrous joint 

6. Cartilaginous

The functions of statistics are : 

• It simplifies complexity of the data. 
• It reduces the bulk of the data. 
• It adds precision to thinking. 
• It helps in comparing different sets of figures. 
• It guides in the formulation of policies and helps in planning.
• It indicates trends and tendencies.

Mean of a random variable : E(x) = Σx.P(x) 

Quartile deviation

= (Q₃ - Q₁/2)

= (78 - 32/2)

= 23.

Tabulation 

1. Simplifies complex data. 

2. Facilitates comparison.

1. 7 

2. 14 

3. tropomyosin, troponin 

4. sarcoplasmic reticulum 

5. 11 , 12 

6. 8

Sales of cool drinks, ice creams are more in the summer season.

1. It simplifies the complexity of the data. 

2. It reduces the bulk of the data.

Qualitative classification: Classification of the different units on the basis of qualitative characteristics (Called Attributes). Such as sex, literacy, employment etc. 

e.g., the members of a club can be classified on the basis of sex wise distribution as follows: 

Table showing the sex distribution of members of a club.

Vital events are the events of human life such as births, deaths, marriage, divorce, sickness, adoption, migration, etc.

Index numbers are used in fixation of bank rates, grant of dearness allowance to employees.

(a) discrete variable 

(b) continuous variable.

Explanation:

Quantitative Variable -

The collection of quantitative data, the numbers record represent real amount that can be added, subtracted and divided etc,

There are Two types of variable

1. Discrete variables 

2. Continuous variables 

Index number for the base year = 100.

Vital statistics are the statistical outputs of a civil registration system. The information contained in the individual civil registration records is compiled to generate vital statistics for the population.

Frequency density = Frequency of the class/Width of the class

Relative frequency = Frequency of the class/Total frequency

Q₀₁ = \(\frac {∑q_1P_0+∑q_1P_1} {∑q_0P_0 +∑q_0P_1} \times 100\).

Registration method/census method.

• A variable which assumes only specified values in the given range is a discrete variable. 
• A variable which assumes all the possible values within the given range of the data is a continuous variable.

Consumer price index number is the index number of the cost met by a specified class of consumers in buying a basket of goods and services.

A chronological arrangement of statistical data is called time series.

The main branches/divisions of statistics are 

• statistical methods and 
• applied statistics.

G.F.R. = (Number of live births occuring in the year/Average population of women of child bearing of age in the year) x 1000

= 2300/100000 x 1000 = 23.

1. Index numbers are useful to governments in formulation of decisions and policies regarding taxation, Import – Exports, grant of licenses to new firms. 

2. In evaluation of purchasing power of money.

In Binomial distribution : Mean > variance.

While playing a game, mixed strategy of a player is his predecision to chose his course of action according to certain preassigned probability.

Var(X) = E(x² ) – [E(X)]².

G.F.R. = (Number of live births occuring in the year/Average population of women of child bearing age in the year) X 1000

= 2480/160000 X 1000 = 15.5.

Shoulder joints are freely movable joint or synovial joint. In this type of joint there is presence of a fluid filled synovial cavity between the articulating surfaces of the two bones. Such an arrangement allows considerable movement.

Controlling the quality of the goods, during the manufacturing process itself is called process control.