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Advantages of WWW: 

• Availability of mainly free information
• Reduces the costs of information.
• The same protocol of communication can be used for all the services. 
• Provide rapid interactive communication.
• Provides the exchange of huge volumes of data.

1. Generalization is the process of taking the union of two or more lower-level entity sets to produce a higher-level entity sets. Generalisation is a bottom-up approach.

2. Specialization is a top-down approach in which one higher level entity can be broken down into two lower level entities.

The three advantages of pointer are:

1. For objects, memory can be allocated dynamically during runtime.
2. When objects are not used, then memory can be released.
3. Memory is efficiently used.

The motherboard houses all the main components of the computer (RAM, CPU, etc.) ; provides the means for all the components to communicate, and allows expansion of the system through other circuit boards that plugs into it such as Network cards that allows network connection.

The different types of file organsiation are sequential or serial organization, Direct Access or Random organization, Indexed sequential Access Method (ISAM). 

Sequential or serial organization: In sequential access, records within a file are read or written in sequential order i.e., in the same order they are organized in the file. In sequential or serial access, the information can be retrieved in the same sequence in which it is stored. The data records are arranged one after the other. The records are stored on the basis of order of the record. 

In sequential organization, the data records are stored in a predetermined order based on the key fields. There is a definite relationship between logical position and physical position. The key field organizes the records.

The text file and binary file are the two types of files in C++.

Text file:

A text file also called a ASCII file is a stream of characters that can be sequentially processed in forward direction by the computer. In text files, each line of text end with a EOL (End of line) character and each file ends with a special character called the EOF (End of file). The file can be edited using text editors like C++ editor, notepad, vi editors in UNIX.

The algorithm to reverse a singly link list is as follows:-

reverse (struct node **st) 

{

struct node *p, *q, *r;

p = *st;

q = NULL;

while (p != NULL)

{

r =q;

q = p;

p = p link;

q → link = r; 

}

*st = q;

}

Linear searching

linear search

Binary search

The array is divided into sorted part and unsorted part in selection sort.

Explanation:

Modular programming is an approach to software development in which the individual functions of a program are separated into self-contained components called modules.

Each module contains everything necessary to fulfill its own functionality and can be edited and modified without the entire project being affected.

Modular programming is accomplished by maintaining a consistent module interface that other software components used to access each module's functions.[

They are designed in such a way as to minimize dependencies between different modules. Teams can develop modules separately and do not require knowledge of all modules in the system.

Languages that support the module concept are IBM Assembler, COBOL, RPG, FORTRAN, Morpho, Zonnon, and Erlang, among others.

The benefits of using modular programming include:

1. Less code has to be written.
2. A single procedure can be developed for reuse, eliminating the need to retype the code many times.
3. Programs can be designed more easily because a small team deals with only a small part of the entire code.
4. Modular programming allows many programmers to collaborate on the same application.
5. The code is stored across multiple files.
6. Code is short, simple, and easy to understand.
7. Errors can easily be identified, as they are localized to a subroutine or function.
8. The same code can be used in many applications.
9. The scoping of variables can easily be controlled.

Explanation:

In C or C++, we cannot return multiple values from a function directly. 

We can return more than one value from a function by using the method called “call by address”, or “call by reference”.

In the invoker function, we will use two variables to store the results, and the function will take pointer-type data. So we have to pass the address of the data.

In pass-by reference (also called pass-by address), a copy of the address of the actual parameter is stored.

Explanation:

The Lotus 123 or 1-2-3 is a world famous package offering spreadsheet services to the users. It is designed by IBM, United States. It became popular as an application in the 1980s and it runs of Disk operating systems.

All the basic arithmetic operators have the conventional signs like

• + → addition
• - → subtraction
• / → division
• * → multiplication
• ^ → exponentiation

In Excel, you start a formula with an equal sign (=). You can also start a formula with a plus sign (+), as you would in Lotus 1-2-3.

So for addition of contents of C2 and D3, we can use

+C2 + D3 or (C2 + D3) or @SUM(C2 : D3)  

Correct answer is A. 1024 Bytes 

OUTPUT:

i. 

ii. Max - 31/07/2018 or 2018-07-31 Min- 05/09/2007 or 2007-09-05 

iii. 

There are two types of array 

1. Single dimensional: It contains only one index or subscript. The index starts from 0 and ends with size-1. 

eg: int n[50]; 

char name[10]; 

2. Multi-dimensional: 

It contains more than one index or subscript. The two dimensional array contains two indices, one for rows and another for columns. The row index starts from 0 and end at row size-1 and column index starts at 0 and ends at colunn size-1. 

eg: int n[10][10] can store 10 × 10 = 100 elements. The index of the first element is n[0][0] and index of the 100th element is n[9][9],

1. 2 × 10 = 20 bytbs (2 bytes for one integer) 

2. 1 × 10 = 10 (one byte for each character) 

3. 2 × 10 ×10 = 200 (2 × (100 elements))

Using of any correct code giving the same result is also accepted.

def PUSH(Arr,value): 

s=[]

for x in range(0,len(Arr)): 

if Arr[x]%5==0: 

s.append(Arr[x]) 

if len(s)==0:

print("Empty Stack") 

else: 

print(s)

(c) searching

def popStack(st) : 

# If stack is empty 

if len(st)==0: 

print("Underflow") 

else: 

L = len(st) 

val=st[L-1] 

print(val) 

st.pop(L-1)

(c) traversal

1. Traversal: All the elements of an array is visited and processed is called traversal 

2. Search: Check whether the given element is present or not 

3. Sorting: Arranging elements in an order is called sorting

Traversal is the process of reading/visiting elements of an array.

Array is a collection of elements with same datatype.

cin>>word;

cout<<word;

It displays “HAPPY” because cin takes characters upto the space. That is space is the delimiter for cin. The string after space is truncated. To resolve this use gets() function. 

Because gets() function reads character upto the enter key. 

Hence gets(word); 

puts(word); 

Displays “HAPPY NEW YEAR”

In plants Stomata is present for gases exchange.

Answer is mat[1] [2];

1. To store an integer 4 bytes needed so 

AR[10] needs 10 × 4 = 40 bytes. 

2. Sorting – Arranging elements of an array in an order(ascending or descending). 

(a) Bubble sort: 

It is a simple sorting method. In this sorting considering two adjacent elements if it is out of order, the elements are interchanged. After the first iteration the largest(in the case of ascending sorting) or smallest(in the case of descending sorting) will be the end of the array. This process continues.

(b) Selection sort: 

In selection sort the array is divided into two parts, the sorted part and unsorted part. First smallest element in the unsorted part is searched and exchanged with the first element. Now there is 2 parts sorted part and unsorted part. This process continues.

Wings of bind and bat are Homologous Organ. 

Grass is the producer.

>> is the input operator.

<< is the output operator. 

For autotrophic nutrition & necessary material are Carbon dioxide, chlorophyll and Sunlight.

The outermost layer of the wall of alimentary canal is called serosa. The inner hollow space in the alimentary canal is called lumen.

b) 0x217, an hexa decimal integer precedes Ox.

Escape Sequence

The statement is True.

“abc”, a character constant must be enclosed between double quotes.

Here A and B are called Operand.

a) Bjarne stroustrup

a) ‘A’, a character enclosed between single quote

Answer is (b) (-sin(log x))/x

Answer is (b) 6x

Correct option  (1)   4√3

Explanation:

Probability of getting a white ball = 30/40 = 3/4

Probability of getting a red ball =10/40 = 1/4

n = 16

Mean = np and variance = npq

So mean = 16.3/4 and s.d. = √16.3/4.1/4

So mean = 12 and s.d. = √3

so mean of x/s.d of x = 12/√3 = 4 x 3/√3 = 4√3

Answer is (d) (x⁹/9) + k

Answer is (a) 0

Answer is (b) tan x + sec x + k

Answer is (a) e^x + e^-y + k = 0

Answer is (d) e^{∫P dx}