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(c) Both pass book and cash book

Bank Reconciliation statement is a statement showing the causes of the difference between the cash book and passbook balance.

(c) Copy of customers’ accounts.

(c) Customers A/c

(a) Original cost method

Answer: (b) Cash

(a) Cash book – Add

(c) The customer’s account in the bank’s ledger

(b) Error of commission

(a) Credit balance as per bank statement

(a) Cash receipts

(a) Errors of casting

According to the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, “Bill of exchange” is an instrument in writing containing an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money only to, or to the order of a certain person or to the bearer of the instrument.

(c) Trial balance

(d) Trial balance

(b) Credit balance

(a) Credit balance

1. Debit balance 

2. Credit balance 

3. Nil balance

(c) Bad debts

Answer: (b) Merger

1. It gives benefits for more than one accounting period.

2. It includes acquisition of fixed assets and all expenditure incurred upto the point an asset is ready for use. 

3. It contributes to the revenue earning capacity of the business. 

4. It is non-recurring in nature. 

5. It is shown on the assets side of the balance sheet.

1. Capital expenditure 

2. Capital expenditure 

3. Capital expenditure 

4. Capital expenditure 

5. Capital expenditure

(d) Scrap value of an asset

1. Capital expenditure

2. Revenue expenditure 

3. Revenue expenditure

(c) Fixed asset

Value at the end Rs. 2,000.

Amount of Depreciation = (Original Cost - Scrap value) / (Estimated Life)

= (10,000 - 2,000) / 10

= 8,000/10

= Rs. 800/-

Rate of Depreciation = (Amount of Depreciation) / (Original Cost) x 100

= 800/10,000 x 100

= 8%

The process of allocation of the relevant cost of fixed asset oever its useful life is known as depreciation, It is an allocation of cast against the benefit derived from a fixed asset during an accounting period.

It is not possible to have unfavourable Cash balance in the cash book. But, it is possible to have unfavourable balance in the bank account. when the business is not having sufficient money in its bank account, it can borrow money from the bank.

Calculation of amount of depreciation = (Original Cost of the asset - Estimated Scrap value) / (Estimated useful life of the asset in year)

Original Cost = Cost of plant + Erection charge 

= 40,000 + 2,000

= 42,000/5 years

= Rs. 8,400.

Depending on the stage at which errors are located, they are subsequently rectified at the respective stage itself.

1. Sequential codes 

2. Block codes 

3. Mnemonic codes

Amount of depreciation = (Total Cost - Scrap Value) / (Estimated life)

= Cost of plant + erection charge

= Rs. 40,000 + 2,000

= Rs. 42,000

= \(\frac{42,000-0}{5\,years}\)

= Rs. 8,400

These are the assets which get exhausted gradually in the process of excavation. 

Example: mines and quarries.

1. Sale of old furniture on credit for Rs. 500 was entered  in the sales book.

2. Wages of Rs. 600 paid for installation of a new machine is debited to wage account,

(i) In some insects and lower plants, fertilization is immediately followed by zygotic meiosis, which leads to the production of haploid organisms. This type of life cycle is known as haplontic life cycle.
(ii) The phenomenon of polyploidy can be observed in some haploid cells in higher plants in which cell division does not occur. Polyploidy is a state in which cells contain multiple pairs of chromosomes than the basic set. Polyploidy can be artificially induced in plants by applying colichine to cell culture.

1. Simple petty cash book

2. Analytical petty cash book.

The person who has to make the payment or who accepts to make the payment is called the drawee, i/.e., debtor

During meiosis, the number of chromosomes and the amount of DNA in a cell change.
(i) Number of chromosomes (N) per cell
During anaphase I of the meiotic cycle, the homologous chromosomes separate and start moving toward their respective poles. As a result, the bivalents get divided into two sister chromatids and receive half the chromosomes present in the parent cell.
Therefore, the number of chromosomes reduces in anaphase I.
(ii) Amount of DNA content (C) per cell
During anaphase II of the meiotic cycle, the chromatids separate as a result of the splitting of the centromere. It is the centromere that holds together the sister chromatids of each chromosome. As a result, the chromatids move toward their respective poles. Therefore, at each pole, a haploid number of chromosomes and a haploid amount of DNA are present.
During mitosis, the number of chromosomes remains the same. The DNA duplicated in the S phase gets separated in the two daughter cells during anaphase. As a result, the DNA content (C) of the two newly-formed daughter cells remains the same.

In this method, the balance of every ledger account either debit or credit, as the case may be, is recorded in the trial balance against the respective accounts, The balance method is widely used, as it helps in the preparation of financial statement.

Compound entry is an entry in which more than two accounts are involved. Either more than one account is debited or more than one account is credited or both.

1. Rent received 

2. Proceeds from sale of goods.

1. To keep a systematic record of financial transaction and events.

2. To ascertain the profit or loss the business enterprise.

Expenses which have been incurred in the accounting period but not paid till the end of the accounting period are called outstanding expended.

1. To keep a systematic record of financial transactions and events. 

2. To ascertain the profit or loss of the business enterprise. 

3. To ascertain the financial position or status of the enterprise.

4. To provide information to various stakeholders for their requirements.

5. To protect the properties of an enterprise.

Assets = Capital + liabilities 

1. Rs. 1,00,000 = Rs. 80,000 + Rs. 20,000 

2. Rs. 2,00,000 = Rs. 1,60,000 + Rs. 40,000.

1. Simple and integrated 

2. Speed 

3. Accuracy 

4. Reliability

Goodwill is the value of good name or reputation of a business which attracts more customers and helps the firm to earn more profits.

Accounting is the systematic process of identifying, measuring, recording, classifying, summarising, interpreting and communicating financial information. Accounting gives information on;

1. The resources available

2. How the available resources have been employed, and

3. The results achieved by their use.