Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

A branch of Economics that deals with public income, public expenditure and public debt.

• Increased defense expenditure.
• Expense on educator and other service. Social welfare activities
• Developmental activities
• Urbanization
• Increase in import
• Unemployment benefit
• Expenses for periodic elections.
• To meet loss caused by natural calamities.

• An economic document that shows the income and expenditure of the government in a financial year. 
• Explains the importance of the budget.

Features of west coastal plain

• Comparatively narrow
• Lakes and backwaters can be found
• Divided into Gujarat coast, Konkan coast and Malabar coast
• Between the Arabian sea and the Western ghats
• Extends from Rann of Kutch to Kanyakumari

1. West-flowing rivers are comparatively small. 

2. Smaller amounts of sediments are deposited.

By imposing high tax on liquor and drug the government get high income, and spend it for social welfare. Now a days the number of ; people, using drugs are increased. Through , imposing high tax on liquor and drug the government brings a social control, that is the j aim of the government is social welfare with j increased income.

When compared to the western coastal plain, eastern coastal is wider. So the east- flowing rivers at its lower coast flows through vast plains creating deltas.

In direct tax, tax is imposed one and another person pays the tax

• To analyse the physical and cultural features of the Earth.
• For military operations and the preparations of military maps.
• To identify and study the natural as well as the cultural resources of a region as a part of economic planning.
• For urban planning.

Eastings and Northings are the lines used to for grid reference.

Eastings : The lines which are drawn from North – South in red color are called Eastings. Northings – The lines which are drawn from East – West in red color are called Northings

Arabian Sea branch of monsoon winds: Because of the particular shape of the Indian peninsula, the south west monsoon winds bifurcate into two branches before entering the land. One branch is the Arabian Sea branch. It reaches the coast of Kerala by early June and causes heavy rainfall there.

Then it advances to the states of Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat and causes rainfall in the western parts. Rainfall is scarce in the Rajasthan region because the monsoon branch entering through Gujarat blows parallel to the Aravalli mountain ranges. The Arabian Sea branch merges with the other branch of the Bay of Bengal branch in the Punjab plains, advances north further and causes heavy rainfall along the foothills of the Himalayas.

Profit :- Central government gets profits from public sector undertakings like Railways, BSNL etc. The state government receives pro fit from state enterprises like KSFE, KEL- TRON etc.

Income from public property :- It includes rent for government owned land and rent for govt buildings.

Payments for government service :- Tuition fee registration fee and license fee etc.

Debts :- Internal and external borrowings

Fines :- Government imposes a fine upon who violate some rules. This is a source of income of the government.

The features of public expenditure and public revenue. Explain different type of budgets.

• Contour lines 
• Form lines 
• Spot height 
• Triangulated height 
• Bench mark

Contour line — These are imaginary lines joining places having the same elevation above the sea level.

Form lines — When it is difficult to measure the elevation of places through land surveys due to rugged terrain, the elevation is represented with the help of broken lines – These are form lines.

Spot height — It represents the actual height of a place by recording the heights in digits beside a black dot.

Triangulated height — Height of places estimated through trigonometric surveys are recorded is maps using symbols.

Bench mark — The height of reservoirs and prominent buildings are recorded ‘along with the letters BM’.

The grid formed by the eastings and the northings are called grid reference.

Features of West Coastal Plain :

• Between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats 
• From the Rann of Kutchh to Kanyakumari 
• Comparatively narrow 
• Can be divided into Gujarat coast, Konkan coast and Malabar coast. 
• Lakes and backwaters can be found. 

The loans taken by the government is called public debt. Internal debt and external debt are the two kinds of public debt.

Balanced budget : Income and expenditure are equal.

Surplus budget : Income is more than expenditure.

Deficit budget: Expenditure is more than income

a. Debt doubled 

b. Internal debt is more than external debt 

c. Expenses for Defense, Increase in population, Social welfare activities, Development activities.

• 2678921 crores.
• Internal debt is more than external debt.

Each grid with 2 cm width and 2 cm breadth covers and area with 1 km length and 1 km breadth on the earth surface (1:50,000 topo- sheet)

Northeast monsoon season By the end of September, as the sun shifts towards the southern hemisphere, intense high pressure develops over the Northern plains. Comparatively low pressure over the Indian” ocean causes wind to blow from the northern part of India towards the south. These are the northeast monsoon winds. These winds are dry and do not cause rain in India.

This season is a transition period between the rainy season and the forthcoming winter. This season experienced during the months of October and November makes the days unbearable due to high temperature and humidity. This phenomenon is known as October heat.

The winds blowing from land to sea due to the attraction of low pressure over the Bay of Bengal takes; a northeast to southwest direction. It absorbs moisture from the Bay of Bengal and causes rainfall along the Coromandal coast, especially the Tamil Nadu coast. Kerala and some parts of Karnataka also receive northeast monsoon.

• Easting – 155 
• Northing – 766 
• Grid reference – 155766

The features of fiscal policy

Agriculture is the main economic activity

internal debt :- The loans availed by the government from individuals and institution with in the country.

External debt :- The loans availed from foreign governments and international institutions.

Corporate tax, Personal income tax, Customs duty, Excise duty.

Trans Himalayas: Trans Himalayas are a part of northern mountain ranges. Trans Himalayas include Karakoram, Ladakh and Zaskar mountain ranges. Mount K₂ or Godwin Austin (8661 m), the highest peak in India, is in the Karakoram range. The average height of the Trans Himalayas is 6000m.

• Easting 52 
• Worthing 18 
• Grid reference 5218

• The symbols represent foot paths and unmetalled roads
• Thus transport facilities are limited in this region

A → Black color 

B → Blue color 

C → Green color 

D → Yellow color 

E → White color 

F → Red color 

G → Brown color

The English term topographic is derived from the Greek terms ’topo’ and “graphic”.Topo means place and graphic means to write or explain.

• Altitude.
• Contour lines and Form lines.
• If the altitude of places are known, contour lines are drawn by joining the places having the same altitude above mean
• sea level. If the actual elevations of places are not known, broken lines are drawn instead of contours.

The features of internal debtapd external debt.

a. Grants 

b. Fees 

c. Interest 

d. Profit

A. Metaled road 

B. Unmetaled road 

C. Footpath 

D. Cort track 

E. Bridge with road

Write and substantiates public finance and fiscal policy

This is because of strategic regions owing to the national security concern.

Central government taxes

• Corporate tax 
• Personal income tax 
• Union excise duty

State government taxes

• Land tax 
• Stamp duty 
• Value Added Tax 
• State Excise Duty

Local Self Government Taxes

• Property tax 
• Professional tax 
• Entertainment tax

• A thorough knowledge of the numbering scheme.
• local aspects.
• The conventional sign and symbols 
• The elevation and slope of the terrain 
• The methods of their representation

a. Spot height: Spot height represents the actual height of a place by recording the height in digits beside a black dot (•). 

b. Form lines: When it is difficult to measure the elevation of places through land surveys due to rugged terrain, the elevation is represented with the help of broken lines. These are form lines. 

c. Benchmark: The height of reservoirs and prominent buildings are recorded along with the letters BM.

• Land tax 
• Vehicle tax 
• Excise duty 
• Entertainment tax

Balanced budget → Income = Expenditure 

Deficit budget → Income < Expenditure 

Surplus budget → Income > Expenditure

Fees, fines and penalties, grants, interest and profit are the various sources of non tax revenue.

In direct tax payer bears the burden himself. So the tax payer known the burden of tax. But indirect tax collected by raising the price of commodities. Tax payer is ignorant of the tax. Evading a tax means giving up the wants. Direct tax is based on the principle of the ability to pay.

But indirect tax will not ensure social justice as it falls upon the rich and to poor alike. The rate of increase in the direct tax j may cause increase in the price of commodities. Thus we can assess that direct tax affects common man more public debt.

Government undertakes welfare activities in the form of education, health, infrastructure, food, urbanization which leads to increase in public expenditure automatically. Natural calamities makes more expenditures and unemployment also rise the expenditure that is to control unemployment and to attain economic development industrialization must be encouraged. Thus starting new industries and protecting industries increase Public expenditure.