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Gowri Parvati Bhai

• London Mission Society 
• Church Mission Society , 
• Basel Evangelical Mission

Sree Narayana Guru who gave importance to knowledge started schools and libraries along with temples.

He exhorted the people to strengthen by union and enlighten through education.

The consecration of the idol of Lord Shiva at Aruvippuram by Sree Narayana Guru in 1888 created the rise of new insights in social sphere. The lower castes could gain the right to perform temple rituals and poojas through this.

He tried to release man from the prison of complex caste system and patterns of worship based on superstitions. He was a great believer of human love, exposed the hollowness of caste system and Brahmanic priesthood and spread the message of universal love. Guru advised people not to argue and win but to know and inform. The working and messages of Guru were based on noble human love and fraternity among all religions.

The history of Kerala witnessed several freedom movements especially after 1920. 

The movements include the following.

Non-Cooperation Movement and Salt Satyagraha: As decided at the Nagpur session (1920), Non Cooperation movement was started throughout the country. In Kerala, too, there was widespread boycott of foreign goods, courts, and educational institutions. The Malabar Rebellion of 1921 and the student’s agitation of 1922 in Travancore were events of great political significance during this period.

The Salt-Satyagraha under the leadership of Gandhiji had its own repercussions in Kerala. Payyannur in Malabar was the main venue of the Satyagraha in Kerala. Many batches of Satyagrahis from different parts of Kerala marched to Payyannurto take part in the Satyagraha.

Quit India Movement: The Quit India Movement launched in August 1942 was widespread in Cochin and Malabar, though not so extensive in Travancore. During the Quit India Movement, there were sensational and violent incidents in Malabar involving disruption of communication and attack on government offices and police stations. The Keezhariyur Bomb case, in which 27 persons including Dr. K.B. Menon, Socialist leader and Secretary of Indian Civil Liberties Union were chargesheeted, was the important episode of the struggle in Malabar. Even underground papers like ‘Swathantra Bharatan T were brought out during the struggle.

Agitation in Travancore and Cochin: After the Haripura session of the Indian National Congress which decided that separate organizations should be formed in native States for the agitation for responsible government, the Travancore State Congress and the Cochin State Praja Mandal were formed.

Given:

Age of Leo : Age of David = 4 : 3

Age of Leo after 5 years : Age of David after 5 years = 9 : 7

Calculation:

Let us assume,

Present age of Leo = 4x

Present age of David = 3x

Difference in their ages = 4x – 3x = x

ATQ,

(4x + 5)/(3x + 5) = 9/7

⇒ 28x + 35 = 27x + 45

⇒ x = 10

Society in Kerala was based on caste system in the 19th century. The lower castes were treated as untouchables and unapproachables. Many social evils and superstitions existed in all castes. The Keralites realized the stupidity of caste system and superstitions with the spread of modem education and western ideas.

Many social reform movements sprang up to fight the inequalities and social evils in society. The major social reform movements of this period were Samathwa Samajam, Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam, Sadhujana

Paripalana Sangham, Nair Service Society and Yogakshema Sabha. Vaikunda Swami, Sree Narayana Guru, Ayyankali, Mannath Padmanabhan, V.T.Bhattathiripad and Sahodaran Ayyappan were the important social reformers of this time.

Social reform movements fuelled the agitations for social changes. The Channar women of South Travancore fought for the right to cover their upperbody. Following the prolonged struggle, the Maharaja Uthram Thirunal of Travancore was forced to issue an order allow¬ing Channar women to wear jackets in 1859.

Sree Narayana Guru was one of the chief architects of social renaissance in Kerala. The lower castes including Ezhavas were not permitted to enter temples and worship. Sree Narayana Guru challenged this and made history by consecrating a Shiva Temple at Aruvippuram in 1888. Consequently, the lower castes gained the right to perform poojas and temple rituals.

He exhorted the people to gain strength through union and enlighten through education. The working and messages of Sree Narayana Guru were based on noble human love and fraternity among all religions.

Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924 was a major struggle for the right of travel in Kerala. Following the Satyagraha under the leadership of T.K.Madhavan, the lower caste Hindus secured the permission to travel through the road around the Mahadeva Temple at Vaikom. The Guruvayur Satyagraha was started in 1931 with the demand that all castes of Hindus should be allowed to enter the temple. As a result of these popular protests, the Maharaja of Travancore Sri Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma issued the famous Temple Entry Proclamation in 1936, allowing all I * the Hindus to enter the temples in Travancore.

British imperialism. Protests were held at Kayyoor, Morazha, Karivellur, etc. Protests relating to Quit India Movement witnessed destruction of government buildings, bridges, etc.

Travancore: 

Political agitations began in Travancore with the Malayali memorial. Malayali memorial was a memorandum signed by more than ten thousand people and submitted to the Maharaja under the leadership of Barrister

G.P.Pillai in 1891, demanding that the Travancoreans should be given proportionate representation in government jobs.

The Ezhava memorial was submitted Under the leadership of Dr.Palpu, raising the problems faced by the Ezhava community. The deportation of Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai for criticising the Dewari of Travancore caused significant political break throughs. Christians, Muslims and Ezhavas started the Nivarthana Prakshobham demanding the reservation of their communities in the legislature and government jobs in proportion to their population.

The Travancore State Congress was formed in 1938 with Pattom Thanu Pillai as President. With this, political activities gained momentum in Travancore. The working class entered into the political arena with the Punnapra-Vayalar protest of 1946, organized against the administrative reforms of Dewan C.P.Ramaswamy Iyer.

Kochi: 

The struggle for responsible government began in Kochi with the Electricity Agitation of 1936. With the formation of Kochi Rajya Praja Mandalam in 1941, political agitations strengthened in Kochi also. E.Ikkanda Warrier and Panampilly Govinda Menon gave leadership to Kochi Prajamandalam

The correct option is (A) 1812 

The Janmis got the right to evict the tenants who failed to pay such high rents and passing the lands to new tenants. They began attempts to evict actual cultivators from agricultural lands. The British officials, police, and judiciary stood for assisting the activities of the landlords in Travancore and Cochin. The problems of the tenants continued unaltered. Their resistance grew into protests. Organized peasant movements came forward to take up their issues during the period by the Freedom Movement and after.

• Most of the tenants of Malabar were Mappilas who cultivated the land obtained on lease from landlords. So the peasant revolts in Malabar were known as Mappila revolt.
• The reason for the revolts found by William Logan Commission was unfair revenue system of the British.

The revolts against the British in Malabar were the culmination of the protests of the Mappila tenants, agricultural laborers, artisans, petty traders, etc., overa period of time. The involvement of the ordinary people in this struggle was noteworthy. A sizeable number of the peasants of Eranad and Valluvanad taluks of Malabar were Mappila Muslims. It was they who participated in these struggles. Hence these up-risings were called ‘Mappila uprisings’ by the British.

• The farmers were forced to cultivate for Europe. 
• Forced to cultivate commercial crops instead of food crops.
• Food shortage and famine occurred. 
• Farmers had to pay high rate of tax.

During the British rule Indian farmers were mainly engaged in agriculture. The farmers produced things only to meet the needs of their family and the village. During the British rule farmers were compelled to cultivate crops according to the market needs. As a result commercial crops were largely cultivated instead of food crops.

This transformation is called commercialization of agriculture.Farmers had to pay high rate of tax in the form of cash before the deadline. To meet this, farmers cultivated the crops that had the higher market price. The products that had demand in the European markets were given higher price.

Thus,the Indian lands became the cultivating field of Europe.Various crops that were widely cultivated during this period were indigo, cotton, sugarcane, tea, jute, wheat etc.

Traditionally the peasants in India were engaged in agriculture mainly to produce things only to meet the needs of their family and the village.During the British rule they were compelled to cultivate crops according to the market needs. As a result, commercial crops were largely cultivated instead of food crops. This transformation is termed as commercialization of agriculture.

William Logan Commission.

Most of the tenants in Malabar were Mappilas (Muslims in Malabar). So peasant revolts in Malabar were known as Mappila revolt.

• During the British rule, the farmers were compelled to cultivate crops according to the market needs. Commercial crops were largely cultivated instead of food crops. This was termed as commercialization of agriculture.
• The Indian farmers were forced to cultivate cotton, indigo, etc. the raw materials for British industries during British rule.
• Commercial crops were largely cultivated instead of food crops according to the market needs.
• The farmers had to pay high rate of tax in cash before the deadline. To meet this, they cultivated crops that had higher market price.
• The products that had high demand in the European markets were cultivated. Thus the Indian lands became the cultivating fields of Europe.

48 Nehru Nagar
Jaipur
12 December 2020
The Headmaster
Govt. Sr. Sec. School
Jaipur

Sub: To arrange extra-teaching classes.

Sir,

Respectfully I beg to say that our studies suffered much in English Mathematics. The teachers in the subjects joined late. There was teachers’ strike also. Our examinations are near. We need extra-teaching in these two subjects. Please arrange extra-teaching for the subjects.

Thanking you

Yours obediently

Babita Monitor

Class XI

Kalinga was took place in the year 261 BC.

Mappila Riots : 

Mappila Riots or Mappila Outbreaks refers to a series of riots by the Mappila (Moplah) Muslims of Malabar, South India in the 19th century and the early 20th century (1836- 1921) against native Hindus and the state. The Malabar Rebellion of 1921 is often considered as the culmination of Mappila riots. Mappilas committed several atrocities against the Hindus during the outbreak.

Santhal Rebellion : 

The Santhal rebellion (sometimes referred to as the Santhal rebellion), commonly known as Santhal Hool, was a native rebellion in present Jharkhand, in eastern India against both the British colonial authority and upper caste Zamindari system by the Santhal people.

It started on June 30,1855 and on November 10, 1855 martial law was proclaimed which lasted until January 3,1856 when martial law was suspended and the movement was brutally ended by troops loyal to the British.

Kurichya Rebellion : 

Unjust and violent acts against the people of Wayanad were done with the knowledge and concurrence of the Collector, Mr. Warden. His stubbomess and his officers’ stupidity and cruelty combined to produce a strong spirit of resistance and aggressive attitude on the part of the people of Wayanad in 1812. It was in this background that the Kurichya Rebellion of 1812 erupted.

• The Forest Acts imposed by the British made the life of the Santhal tribes miserable. They were prohibited to enter forest when the British declared forests as protected. 
• The British widely felled trees from forests to lay railway lines and build ships. 
• The British levied tax at higher rates on the forest produce collected by the Santhal tribes. 
• Zamindars and moneylenders captured their land. 
• The British made the tribals work as slaves.

Akash

X A Section

Govt. High School

Shambhavi Nagar

Gonikoppa

6 April 2019

The Headmaster

Govt. High School

Shambhavi Nagar

Gonikoppa

Dear Sir,

I’m a student of X A Section and I seek your permission to discuss the allocation of money from the ‘Poor Boys’ Fund.’ I earnestly request you to consider me for the scholarship. I hail from a poor family and I have two younger siblings studying in the same school. My father finds it very difficult to pay the fees of the three of us. I’ve always been a meritorious student and have never given up the number one position in my class. I’m good at many extra-curricular activities too. My attendance has always been above 90%.

Please encourage me by helping me out financially. I promise to bring greater laurels to the school.

Thank you.

Yours faithfully,

Akash.

21 Maharani Hostel
R.S. Road
Sonepat
21 July 2020
The Headmaster
Govt. Sr. Sec. School
Sonepat

Sub: Poor condition of the classroom of XI D.

Sir,

With due respect, I want to draw your attention to the poor conditions of the classroom of the class XI D. The classroom remains unswept for many weeks. The furniture is old and nearly broken. The walls are dilapidated. The windows are broken. The blackboard is rough. The fans are in disorder. Kindly, take necessary actions and do the needful.
Thanking you in anticipation

Yours obediently

Kanta

Monitor

Class XI D

The year of accession of Kanishka to throne was 78 AD.

The tribes became the victims of the British rule. Gathering forest produce, cattle rearing, shifting cultivation, and hunting were their major means of livelihood. The Forest Acts imposed by the British made their life miserable.

They were prohibited to enter forest when the British declared forests as protected.The forests that were abundant with trees required by the British were declared as protected forests.

The British widely felled trees from forests to lay railway lines and build ships, and for plantation. The British levied tax at higher rates on the forest produce collected by the tribes.

To, 

 The Headmaster 

 ABC High School Danapur

Sub :- An-application for help from P.B. Final

Sir, 

I am a student of class X. My father is a poor farmer and his income is not very good. He has to support a family having 8 members. My two sisters are studying at college. Sir it is very difficult to fulfil even the primary needs of my family for my father. 

So, I request you most respectfully to favour me a help from poor boys fund. So that I may continue my studies. 

Yours obedient pupil 

(Amit) 

The correct option is: (a) 3 4 1 2

(c) Both (a) and (b) above

The Capital of Kanishka Empire was Peshawar.

Vishnusharma

(a) The Game You like Most 

There are many games which I play but football is my favourite game. I love to play this game. I play it in the school ground. I go there daily in the evening. I play football for two hours daily. It gives me good exercise. This game does not cost much. Twenty-two boys/ players can play with just one football. This game is not time consuming like cricket. A football match is played for only an hour. It is also not a risky game. So, I like this game very much. 

 (b) Life In a Village 

The three words that can be amply described the life in a village are—simple, Pure and Fresh. The villagers are very simple hearted people. They know no cunningness. They are pure in their thoughts and actions. They are very hospitable. They live in simple and happy life. They have no anxiety. Life in a village is very calm and peaceful. It is free from the noise and din of cities. Village air is fresh and health giving. A villager may not be rich but there is always enough to eat we can say that life in a village is a blissful life. 

 (c) An Ideal Teacher 

 An Ideal teacher is a nation builder in the real sense. He can make his nation great and strong. He shapes his students into good and useful citizens. He works for no reward. The satisfaction that he gets from his job is the highest reward for him. He does not run after money. He works with a missionary spirit. He is the pride of the whole society. He is respected for his noble qualities. He has all the qualities of head and heart. He is a source of inspiration for his students. He treats his students as his own children. He serves as a true guide for his students. 

 (d) A Visit to a Zoo  

There is a zoo in our city. I visited it last Sunday. I went with my parents. We bought ticket and went in. First of all we saw birds. There were many beautiful and rare kind of birds. I was excited to saw and listen different type of birds and their different sounds. Then we saw some wild beasts. The lion was roaring and walking here and there. I also saw deer, wolves, elephants, crocodile, rhinos and many other animals. There was a fish-house. We saw many different kind of beautiful and shiny fishes in aquarium. We stayed in zoo for about three hours. Then we came back home. 

(b) Kadphises II

Kautilya hailed from ya hailed from Taxila.

Nomads are wanderers. They are organized as family groups. There is hardly any difference in their; economic life. Their political system is very ancient and uncivilized. But Empires have physical territories . and boundaries. Politically they are stable. The stability of an empire comes from its complex social and economic structures. It rules a vast region. Naturally, an empire should have an administrative system.

Astangika Marg

Milinda Panho or The Questions of Milinda

XYZ School, Patna 

Notice 

Dramatic Competition 

19th December, 2018

All the student of our school are hereby informed that a Drama competition is going to be held in our School Hall on 30th December 2018. Students who are desirous to participate can report to the teacher in-charge of Drama society of the school for the selection.

XYZ 

Cultural Secretary 

Correct option is D) Neither shall I

It was Russian scholars who made the most valuable researches about Mongols in the 18th arid 19th centuries. The history of Mongols comes in the form of extensive notes prepared by travelers, merchants, warriors, and collectors of antiquity.

(b) Amarakosa

St Thomas died a martyr at Madras.

Many Mongols were shepherds whereas others were hunters and gatherers of food. Shepherds had. domesticated horses and sheep. They also tamed cattle, goats, and camels. In the grassy plains of Central Asia (the modem Mongolia), they lived a nomadic life. It was a beautiful region with snow-capped mountains, plains, rivers and a desert (Gobi). The hunters and the gatherers of food lived in the Northern Siberian forests. Compared to the shepherds they were very humble. During the summer they lived by selling animal hides. The climate in their region was harsh.

They had (Orig winter) and brief, dry summer. 

The Mongols did not do any farming. Their economic system was not capable of maintaining places with high or dense population. Therefore they did not have r any cities. 

The Mongols lived in tents. They went on roaming the grassy plains with their flocks and herds both in the winter and also summer.

The most important Pahlava ruler was Gondophemes.

All the healthy males among the Mongols carried arms. In times of need, they served as an army. In short, the Mongolian army was small and uni-tribal. But with the unification of the different Mongolian tribes and with the wars with different peoples, there were changes in the nature and structure of Genghis Khan’s army. The army became big and multi-tribal. In the army, there were soldiers who accepted the authority of Genghis Khan willingly, like the Turkic Uyghurs and defeated the people like the Keraits. Genghis Khan unified the different tribes of Mongols and made them into a confederacy. He tried to destroy the earlier tribal identities of these tribes.

Genghis Khan organized his army on a decimal basis. The units were in multiples of 10. (10,100, 1000,10000, etc.) 

The greatest contribution of Genghis Khan was the courier system called Yam he introduced. This Yam system was a relay system that linked different administrative units of his vast empire. At xed distances, there were horsemen and messengers for carrying messages. To maintain this communication system, the nomadic Mongols had to give one-tenth of their animals (horses or other animals) to the authorities. This was known as Qubkar (kar means tax-likeour’karam’inMalayalam). 

After the death of Genghis Khan, the courier system became more efficient. Its speed and reliance had surprised visitors. The great Khans used this relay system to effectively control their far-flung regions. The defeated people were not happy with the new nomadic rulers. After the attacks that took place in the first half of the 13th century, cities were destroyed, farms were left uncultivated and trade and handloom industries were reduced. 

Thousands of people were. killed and many more were made prisoners. Right from the top to the bottom, people suffered different kinds of misery and pain. Since the canals in the internal region of the Iranian plateau were not repaired, the desert expanded. This caused environmental min. A good portion of the Khurasan Region never. recovered from this damage. 

Once the attacks were over Europe and China were regionally connected. The trade relations between the two were also better. The trade and travel through the silk route reached their height under the Mongols, But the trade routes did not end with China. They extended to Mongolia, the heart of the Empire and Karakoram. Travel and communication were essential for the stability of the Mongol rule. The travelers were given a pass for their easy travel. Merchants had to give a tax (called Baj tax) for this. 

In the 13^th century, the contradictions that existed between the nomads and the permanent settlers began to lessen.

The memories of Genghis Khan were cherished by his successors. It was his Yassa (Law) that helped him to be remembered by posterity. In the Assembly of Chiefs (Quriltai) in 1206 Genghis Khan declared his Yassa. It contained administrative controls and laws regarding the organization of hunting, army and postal system. By the middle of the 13 century, the Mongols began to use the word Yassa to mean the “Laws of Genghis Khan”. Thus the Yassa of Genghis Khan helped him in keeping memory alive.

The Mongol Khans belonged to different. religious faiths. There were Believers of Shamanism, Buddhists, Christians, and Muslims among them. They did not impose their personal beliefs on others. The Mongol rulers employed members of all races and faiths in their administration and army. Theirs was a multi-racial, multi-lingual and multi-religious rule. Such a rule was quite unusual in those days. The Mongols followed an administrative system that could be imitated by the rulers like the Mughals in India

In the decades after 1203, the Mongolian army faced many defeats. In the 1260s, the Mongols lost their desire to maintain their Western regions. Vienna, Western Europe, and Egypt were once with the Mongols. But their withdrawal from the Hungariari Steppes and their defeat from the Egyptian army caused some new political ideas to emerge in their minds. The internal strife among the Mongols themselves and their over-enthusiasm in conquering China made them lose their Western world.

Genghis. Khan unified the Mongol people. He reorganized them into a disciplined military power. It helped him in future conquests. His primary aim was to attack China.

It is true that the major part of Genghis Khan’s life was spent on the battlefront. His military successes are quite wonderful. He used new strategies. He also changed traditional strategies that were used in the warfare in the grassy plains. The expertise of the Mongols and Turks in horse-riding gave his army speed and dynamism. These warriors could shoot even as they were riding their horses.

The cavalry in the plains was ready to move with great speed and face any type of weather. The rivers that were frozen during the winter were like highways for the warriors of Genghis Khan and they could easily enter the cities and camps of the enemies.

For the nomads, the fortressed camps of the enemies were hard to conquer. There they suffered huge losses. But Genghis Khan did not mind these obstacles. His engineers made machines to capture the fortresses. They also made rebombs which could be easily carried and used when needed. By using these technically advanced things Genghis Khan was able to defeat his enemies.

Correct option is A) can’t

I had the opportunity to go on an educational trip to Bokaro last month. We were thirty students accompanied with our science teacher. We went by bus and reached there about 12 o'clock. Our teacher took us to DPS Bokaro, St. Xavier's, and Chinmaya School etc. We were highly impressed with the way the students are taught in these schools. After that we visited Bokaro Jaivik Udyan and City Party. Bokaro is famous for its Steel Plant so we went to visit steel plant. We saw how steel is made here. Bokaro has a well developed educational centre.