Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The correct answer is 13 April

• Akhila - Karnataka Satyagraha Day
  • In 1930, after the success of Mahatma Gandhi's Salt Satyagraha, Karnataka decided to conduct its own.
  • On 13 April, in the presence of about 40,000 people M.P. Nadakarni broke the salt law in Ankola. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
  • Revu Honnappa Naik, Honnappa Mangeshkar bought the first packet of salt auctioned for 30 rupees.
  • After the auction, Swami Vidyananda addressed the gathering in which leaders like Karnad Sadashiva Rao, Smt Umabai Kundapur, Dr. Hardikar, T.S. Naikand and others participated.
  • The police promptly arrested the leaders but the Sathyagraha continued for 45 days with full tempo.
  • Salt Sathyagraha was offered in nearly 30 centers like Mangalore, Kundapur, Udupi, Puttur, Padubidre, etc. in Karnataka.
  • Students came out in large numbers to prepare salt and sell it from house to house.
  • When Gandhiji decided to raid the salt depot at Dharsana, a similar raid was undertaken in Karnataka at Sanikatte.
  • A group of volunteers led by Sridhar Panduranga Balaji collected a few maunds of salt and carried it to Kumta, where the whole stock was sold in 15 minutes.
  • Four taluks in Karnataka namely Hirekerur in Dharwad district and Ankola, Sirsi, and Siddapura in North Kanara district were selected for organizing the no-tax campaign.
  • Despite repressive measures by the authorities, the campaign was a huge success.
  • More than 1500 activists were arrested in Karnataka for participating in the Civil-Disobedience Movement during 1930-31.
  • These historic events led to Ankola being named the Bardoli of Karnataka.

• ANKOLA
  • It is a Taluk is in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka state. It is a place of rich antiquity, beaches, and old temples.
  • Ankola is also known as the Bardoli of Karnataka, for the role it played in the freedom movement.
  • It is a small town on the west coast of India.
  • Ankola is famous for its native breed of mango called ishaad and for cashew harvesting.
  • It is also known for the treatment of Paralysis. Belambar is a small village 7 km. from Ankola, where Mahatma Gandhi was treated for paralysis.
  • Even today the place is on record.

• Channar Revolt (1822-1859) 
• Aruvippuram Consecration (1888) 
• Ezhava Memorial (1896) 
• Malabar Rebellion (1921) 
• Keezhariyur Bomb Case (1942)

• Kerala exported products for industries in Britain and markets in Europe.
• Spices occupied important place in Kerala’s ex-port. 
• Finished products were the major import items.

Role of medieval literature in the growth of Malayalam language: 

Malayalam belongs to the family of Dravidian languages. Tamil, Telugu and Kannada are the other cultivated languages belonging to this family. Of the four, Tamil is considered to be the oldest, the most cultivated and welldeveloped. 

Malayalam is believed to be an offshoot of medieval Tamil of the 8th century AD, and this fact is proven by many inscriptions and other materials, now unearthed, belonging to the centuries successively following the period of medieval Tamil. However, it may be clearly stated that of all the four cultivated South Indian languages, modern Tamil is the closest to Malayalam. 

Malayalam as a language got separated from its parental tongue – the medieval Tamil – due to many reasons; sociological, political, geographical, and to some extent, geological too. Among them, the most important is sociological. 

It is often said that the Namputiri Brahmins and caste Hindus of Kerala got themselves allied; physically, spiritually and economically. In Kerala, they formed themselves into a separate community or nationality, who were socially and culturally cut off from the rest. 

Sanskrit which was the spiritual and cultural language of the Brahmins made its way into the local language and a new hybrid language called “Manipravalam” (the coral-pearl combination of the local language and Sanskrit) was formed. Till the formation of Manipravalam, the then spoken and literary language of Kerala had been using loan words from Sanskrit in a Tamillised form; as an evident from the words written during those periods both in Kerala and in Tamilnad. 

When Manipravalam began to make its influence felt on local language, the system of adoption of Sanskrit loan words underwent a change. Sanskrit words were used as they are, and there was a tendency on the part of a few writers to Sankritise even the local words. Such artificial forms are abundant in Manipravala works written during that period. By the 14th century, the entire nature of Kerala language was changed and a language worthy of being termed as “Malayalam”, with all its modern characteristics, had been formed by the time. The literary works belonging to the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries bear ample testimony to this fact. There were many literary works written during this formative period. They may be classified under two major groups according to the nature of languages and mode of literary styles used in them. They are known as “Manipravala” works and “Pattu” works. “Pattu” means “song”, and the compositions which strictly followed the rules of the then Tamil poems were termed as “Pattu” works. 

One speciality with Malayalam literature is that the Manipravala works written during the earliest literary periods – 12th, 13th, 14th & 15th centuries – are of purely non-religious nature. Poems of courtesants, their life and their activities were composed by many poets. Today, they are considered as the best sources for researchers to study the then existing social conditions of Kerala. Almost all Manipravalam works are replete with this sort of sensuous themes. Meanwhile, Pattu works are mostly on religious, mythological and ritual themes. Ramayana and Mahabharata were composed in Pattu styles during this period. 

Tuncattu Eluttaccan, ascribed to 16th century is often called the Father of Modern Malayalam. It is in his Ramayana and Mahabharata we find the language of Kerala establishing itself in its modern form. There were many works written in imitation of Sanskrit literature. They come under the titles “Sandesa Kavya” (Messenger Poem) and “Champus”. An indigenous literary branch known as “Attakkatha” written for the Kerala classical dance-drama Kathakali form the bulk of medieval literature of Malayalam. 

Devotional poems and philosophical works were also written by many during this period. There were good prose works in Malayalam from kautilya’s “Arthashastra”, Called “Bhasa Kautaliyam”, it is perhaps the earliest of Malayalam works now available. Thereafter appeared many prose works mainly describing the mode of acting classical Sanskrit plays in temples; known as Kutiyattam. Malayalam prose got a fresh energy when the foreign missionaries began learning Malayalam and writing prose works on theological themes.

• A.V.Kuttimalu Amma in Malabar 
• Akkamma Cherian and Annie Mascarene from Travancore

• Channar Revolt 
• Vaikom Satyagraha 
• Guruvayur Satyagraha 
• Punnapra-Vayalar Revolt

• Published the first Malayalam-English dictio¬nary. 
• Published the first newspapers in Malayalam Rajyasamacharam and Paschimodayam.

Kerala was not politically unified.

The British ruled Malabar directly. So there was strong resentment in Malabar against their policies. They ruled Kochi and Travancore indirectly through the Resident.

Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan from Mysore arrived in Kerala when the land was administered by local rulers and chieftains. Tipu took over the control of Malabar. The rulers of Kochi and Travancore sought the help of the British to save their states from Tipu’s invasion.

Henceforth, it was in the English East India Company that the local chieftains found their hope. The rulers of Kochi and Travancore, too, considered the British as their savior.

The Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley enabled the British to bring the native states under their control easily. The British ruled Malabar directly according to the terms of the Treaty of Srirangapattnam. Travancore and Kochi accepted the paramountcy of the British.