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• Ahmedabad Textile Association 
• Madras Labour Union 
• All India Trade Union Congress 
• Objectives: 
• To organise and act as a working class. 
• To participate actively in the Indian freedom struggle.

The period from 1917 to 1947 in Indian history is known as Gandhian era.

Gandhiji and Champaran Satyagraha: 

Gandhiji started his social activities in India by intervening in the problems faced by the indigo farmers in Champaran in 1917. In Champaran, he resorted to disobedience of British laws and Satyagraha. His involvement compelled the authorities to pass laws in favour of the indigo farmers.

Gandhiji and Ahmedabad Cotton Mill Strike: 

Cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad started their strike in 1918 when they were denied plague bonus. Gandhiji adopted the tools of disobedience of British laws and Satyagraha here also. Following his Satyagraha, the authorities agreed to hike the wages of the employees.

Gandhiji and Kheda peasant struggle: 

The rulers decided to collect tax from the poor farmers of Kheda who were living in utter misery due to drought and crop failure. Starting Satyagraha, Gandhiji protested against the decision. He advised the people not to pay tax. As a result, the authorities were forced to reduce tax.

Gandhiji and Rowlatt Act: 

When the protests against Rowlatt Act failed, Gandhiji suggested starting Satyagraha. Vigorously reacting to this proposal, people in various parts of the country went to the streets and started demonstrations and strikes. The massacre at Jallianwala Bagh intensified the protest against the British. Gandhiji said about the Jallianwala Bagh massacre: ‘If the Battle of Plassey laid the foundation for the British rule, Jallianwala Bagh shook the foundation’.

Gandhiji and Non-Co-operation Movement: 

The first national level struggle by the INC under the leadership of Gandhiji was the non co-operation movement. The confidence gained from the anti- Rowlatt protest motivated Gandhiji to declare non co-operation against the British. The methods of agitation were denial of taxes, boycott foreign goods, boycott elections, etc.

In addition to this, Gandhiji motivated the people to participate in constructive programmes like making indigenous products, spinning Khadi cloth using charka, establishing national educational institutions, popularising Hindi and eradicating untouchability. Non co-operation movement had a great role in making the national movement a grass root mass movement. But he suspended the Non cooperation movement due to the Chauri Chaura incident.

Gandhiji and Civil Disobedience: 

The Lahore Congress Session of 1929 decided to launch a Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of Gandhiji. With the civil disobedience, Gandhiji meant to disobey all anti-popular and antidemocratic laws made by the British government. As part of the movement, Gandhiji demanded to lift salt tax, to declare 50% tax relaxation for farmers and to release political prisoners. Gandhiji selected salt as a powerful weapon against the British.

The Civil Disobedience Movement began with the Dandi March in 1930. Gandhiji broke the salt law by making salt. Inspired by the call of Gandhiji, people in various parts of the country started to produce salt on their own, violating the British regulations. The British government arrested Gandhiji and suppressed the movement callously.

Gandhiji and Quit India Movement: 

The Quit India Movement was the last popular protest organised by the INC under the leadership of Gandhiji. It was a mass movement based on the ideology of non-violence, meant to force the British to leave the country, offering complete freedom to Indians. As part of the movement, Gandhiji called for:

• Princely states shall recognize the sovereignty of their people. 
• Farmers shall not pay land tax.

Gandhiji gave the slogan ‘Do or Die’ to the Indians. The movement became strong all over India. The British government in India began to shake. But the government suppressed the movement very severely and arrested leaders including Gandhiji. Gandhian ideas played a major role in making the national movement a mass movement and finally achieving independence.

Correct option is E) uneven

Correct option is A) ashamed

Congress condemned the 1935 Act as totally Disappointing.

Correct option is A) at

Correct answer is freezer

Correct answer is refrigerator

Correct option is B) supermarket

Correct option is C) office

Following are the factors affecting working capital requirement of a company:

1. Nature of Business: The basic nature of a business influences the amount of working capital required. A trading organisation usually needs a smaller amount of working capital compared to a manufacturing organisation.

2. Scale of Operations: For organisations which operate on a higher scale of operation, the quantum of inventory and debtors required is generally high. Such organisations, therefore, require large amounts of working capital as compared to the organisations which operate on a lower scale.

3. Business Cycle: Different phases of business cycles affect the requirement of working capital by a firm. In case of a boom, the sales as well as production are likely to be larger and, therefore, a larger amount of working capital is required.

4. Seasonal Factors: Most businesses have some seasonality in their operations. In peak season, because of higher levels of activity, larger amounts of working capital is required.

5. Production Cycle: Production cycle is the time span between the receipt the receipt of raw material and their conversion into finished goods.

6. Credit Allowed: Different firms allow different credit terms to their customers. These depend upon the level of competition that a firm faces as well as the credit worthiness of their clientele.

7. Operating Efficiency: Firms manage their operations with varied degree of efficiency.

8. Availability of Raw material: Higher the quantity of material to be stored, higher the amount of working capital required.

9. Growth Prospects: If the growth potential of a concern is perceived to be higher, it will require a higher amount of working capital.

10. Level of competition: Higher level of competitiveness may necessitate higher stocks of finished goods to meet urgent orders from customers.

The correct answer is 1956.

Lakshadweep was formed under the States Reorganisation Act 1956. In this act, the states were reorganized on a linguist basis. The first state to be reorganized under this act was Andhra Pradesh.

• In Malayalam and Sanksrit the word Lakshadweep means "a hundred thousand islands".
• Lakshadweep consists of a group of 36 islands, 12 atolls, 3 reefs, 5 submerged banks, and 10 inhabited islands.
• It is the smallest Union Territory with an area of only 32 sq km.
• Only Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and Airtel provide telecommunication services to Lakshadweep out of which BSNL provided services to all 10 inhabited islands and Airtel provide service to Kavaratti and Agatti islands.
• Kolkali, Parichakali, and Lava are the most popular folk dances of Lakshadweep.
• Capital:- Kavaratti.
• Governor:- Shri Praful Patel. (February 2021)
• The state of Nagaland was formed in the year 1957.
• Capital: Kohima. (February 2021)
  • Chief Minister: Neiphiu Rio.
  • Governor: Ravindra Narayan Ravi.

a) Electronic Clearing System (ECS): It helps to credit the funds faster. Under this system, the account holder can make payment to other parties having their account in the same bank without issuing any proper instrument. This system is restricted or limited to the accounts maintained in one or different branches of the same bank within or outside the city. The computer system allows the transfer of funds to the other party after verifying the details from the account.

b) Automated Teller Machine (ATM): It is installed by almost all the banks to facilitate the customers to withdraw money at any time as per their convenience on all the days of the year. For this, an ATM card is issued which has a PIN number. When this card is used on the machine, a password is to be typed or set before the transaction is carried on. It gives the amount punched by the customer after taking into account the balance of the customers account and the money is released.

Overdraft: An Overdraft allows a person to borrow money for short time through current account. Having overdraft facility from a bank helps an individual or businessmen to meet with short term cash flow problems.

Demand Draft: It is a cheque or a document stating to pay the amount written on this document on demand. This document is issued by the bank requesting to pay the specified amount to the person in whose name this demand draft is issued.

1. A private company is simpler to form than a public company. It needs two directors while a public company needs three. 

2. It can start business immediately after incorporation, no certificate to commence is required but in a public company it is necessary to have a certificate to commence business. 

3. Since a private company collects the requisite capital by private arrangement and does not invite the general public to buy its shares by the issue of a prospectus, it may allot shares without following the formalities of a public company. 

4. As no outsiders are its shareholders it is not required, unlike a public company, to hold a statutory meeting.

Foreign Exchange (FOREX) is exchange of one currency for another.

Teller is a person who counts the votes at a meeting.

The various elements of business ethics are as under: 

1. Top management’s commitment: Top management has a crucial role in guiding the entire organization towards ethically upright behavior. To achieve results, the Chief Executive Officer and other higher level managers need to be openly and strongly committed to ethical conduct. 

2. Publication of a code: Enterprises with effective ethics programs define the principles of conduct for the whole organization in the form of written documents which is referred to as the code. This involves areas such as fundamental honesty and adherence to laws; product safety and quality; health and safety in the workplace. etc.

3. Establishment of compliance mechanisms: Company must ensure that actual decisions and actions comply with the firm’s ethical standards by establishing suitable mechanisms. 

4. Involving employees at all levels: Involvement of employees in ethics programs is a must as at different levels they are the ones who implement ethics policies to make ethical business a reality. 

5. Measuring results: Although it is difficult to accurately measure the end results of ethics programs, the firms can certainly audit to monitor compliance with ethical standards. The top management team and other employees should then discuss the results for further course of action.

(a) Passport: Passport is an official document issued by a component public authority or official; the sovereign head of the country. 

(b) Visa: Visa “Visitors Intended Stay Abroad” is an entry in passport or other travel document made by a consular official of a government to indicate that the bearer has been granted authority to enter or re-enter the country concerned. 

(c) Health documents: Most of the countries have made it mandatory for visitors to get vaccinated prior to their visit as a precautionary measure. 

(d) Travel Insurance Policy: Travel insurance policy is taken by almost all the visitors during travelling abroad. It covers several risks associated with travel viz. Loss of luggage, legal and medical expenses, travel delays etc.

(e) Currency: This includes details of how much currency can a passenger bring into the country and how much foreign exchange can a passenger carry out of a country.

A secretary has to do following tasks for his officer’s foreign trip: 

1. Arrangement of passport / visa. 

2. Arrangement of air ticket. 

3. Hotel reservation. 

4. Documents/files required for meeting. 

5. Foreign currency. 

6. Medical checkup. 

7. List of contact numbers of concerned officers

Card Indexing consists of a number of cards of a standard size, each concerned with one item of index. The heading is written on the top edge of the card and the remaining space is used to indicat e the place where the corresponding record is kept.

The lower portion of a card also carries certain essential information.

Outsourcing is the process by which a company of contracts another company to provide particular services. In other words. it refers to getting the work done through outside expert agencies. 

Features of Outsourcing: 

1. Outsourcing involves contracting out: Many companies have started outsourcing processes to outside expert agencies (i.e. to other organisations) on a contractual basis. The outsources charges fees for performing his services on a contract basis.

2. Generally non-core business activities are outsourced: Depending upon what business a company is in, there will be some activities that are central and critical to its basic business purpose. Other activities may be regarded as secondary or incidental to fulfilling that basic purpose. Only those activities (other activities) are outsourced to outside agencies.

3. Processes may be outsourced to a third party: The processes are outsourced to service provider (i.e. third party) who operates independently in the market and provides services to other firms too.

1. The wholesaler purchases goods in large quantities from different manufacturers and resells to the retailers. 

2. Wholesalers serve as an important link between manufacturers and retailers.

For overseas travel, a Private Secretary has to arrange:

• Passport 
• Visa 
• Health documents 
• Travel Insurance Policy 
• Valid currency 
• Itinerary

E – banking or Electronic banking means conduct of banking operations through electronic means or devices such as computers, telephone, mobile phone, ATM, etc. 

Benefits of E-Banking Services:

• E-Banking provides 24 hours, 365 days a year services to the customer of the bank. 
• The operating cost per unit services is lower for the banks. 
• It offers convenience to customers as they are not required to go to the bank’s premises. 
• There is very low incidence of errors. 
• The customer can obtain funds at any time from ATM machines. 
• The customer can easily transfer the funds from one place to another place electronically.

According to Michael R. Czinkota, “International business consists of transactions that are devised and carried out across national borders to satisfy the objectives of the individuals, companies and organisations. These transactions take on various forms which are often interrelated”.

1. Transport and communication: Transport removes the hindrances of place. Transport facilitates through road, rail or coastal shipping facilitate movement of raw material to the place of production and the finished products from factories to the place of consumption.

2. Banking and finance: Business activities cannot be undertaken unless funds are available for acquiring assets and meeting the day-to-day expenses. Necessary funds can be obtained by businessmen from a bank. Thus, banking helps business activities to overcome the problem of finance.

3. Insurance: The risk of loss or damage to the factory building, machinery, furniture, goods held in stock or goods in course of transport due to theft, fire, accidents, etc. is removed by insurance of goods.

4. Warehousing: Usually, goods are not sold or consumed immediately after production. They are held in stock to be available as and when required. Special arrangement must be made for storage of goods to prevent loss or damage.

(a) 

1. Effects on Prices: During the third five-year plan, prices, especially prices of agricultural commodities had a sharp rise. However, due to Green Revolution, the pace of price rise showed down.
2. Prosperity of the Farmers: The Green revolution has very much improved the economic condition of the farmers. Their standard of living has gone up very much than before.
3. Plaughing Back of Profits: The one good effect of the Green Revolution is that now the farmers are also included to invest large part of their income on the development of agriculture.
4. Change in Thinking: Green revolution has completely revolutionized the thinking of the Indian rural people. Now they are convinced that with the help of science they can change that misfortune into fortunes.
5. Effect on Consumers: Poor Indians spend about 80% at their income on agricultural commodities. The green revolution has helped them to balance their budget and raise their standard of living.

Merits: 

1. They enjoy independence in their functioning and a high degree of operational flexibility. They are free from undesirable government regulation and control. 

2. Since the funds of these organisations do not come from the central budget, the government generally does not interfere in their financial matters, including their income and receipts.

Limitations: 

1. In reality, a statutory corporation does not enjoy as much operational flexibility as stated above. All actions are subject to many rules and regulations. 

2. Government and political interference has always been there in major decisions or where huge funds are involved.