Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

A. False Adrenaline increases, and noradrenaline reduces skeletal muscle blood flow. 

B. True Both decrease renal blood flow. 

C. True Both cause cutaneous vasoconstriction.

D. False Noradrenaline raises diastolic pressure; adrenaline lowers it. 

E. False Adrenaline increases heart rate; noradrenaline raises mean arterial pressure and causes reflex cardiac slowing. 

a. False Intra-oesophageal pressure is similar to intrapleural pressure which is negative with respect to atmospheric pressure at the beginning of a normal inspiration. 

b. True In both inspiration (ABD) and expiration (DCA) volume changes lag pressure changes, thus the relationship is a hysteresis loop, rather than the straight line AD. 

c. True Since compliance is volume change per unit pressure change. 

d. True The greater the airway resistance, the more does air flow lag behind pressure changes, hence the greater the hysteresis. 

e. True During exercise, both pressure changes and lung volume changes increase so that tidal volume increases.

Number of birth rate during a given period in the population.

a. Event A: Option 5 Period of adrenaline infusion. This corresponds to a period of increased heart rate and widening of the pulse pressure with a fall in diastolic pressure, whereas at the second event heart rate decreased and both systolic and diastolic pressure increased, indicating that noradrenaline was infused during period B. 

b. Trace C: Option 2 Heart rate. Adrenaline accelerates the heart but noradrenaline causes reflex slowing produced by the steep rise in mean arterial pressure. This is the only scale giving an initial value (around 80) corresponding to a normal (slightly apprehensive) heart rate. 

c. Trace D: Option 1 Arterial pressure. Adrenaline lowers the diastolic pressure but noradrenaline raises it. This is the only dual trace corresponding to systolic and diastolic pressures; the initial value 130/80 corresponds to normal blood pressure. 

d. Trace E: Option 3 Cardiac output. Adrenaline raises cardiac output but noradrenaline reduces it because of the reflex depression of cardiac activity. Again the scale corresponds to an initially normal/slightly raised cardiac output around 6–7 litres/minute. 

e. Trace F: Option 4 Peripheral resistance. Noradrenaline raises total peripheral resistance because of its predominant effect on alpha adrenoceptors which mediate vasoconstriction; adrenaline lowers it because of its predominant effect on beta adrenergic receptors which mediate vasodilation. These units are appropriate for peripheral resistance: from the equation 

Mean arterial pressure = Cardiac output x Peripheral resistance we can derive that 

Peripheral resistance = Mean arterial pressure/Cardiac output 

For the initial state this equals approximately 100/7 = 14–15 as in F (the units are mmHg/litre/minute).

Note that for this question it was necessary to consider all aspects of the diagram together, rather than consecutively.

a. Option 3 Trace C. Oestrogens produced by the follicular cells of the developing ovum dominate the follicular phase of the cycle and peak about the time of ovulation; the level is still somewhat raised during the luteal phase. 

b. Option 1 Trace A. Core temperature tends to rise about the time of ovulation and then falls again coming up to the following menstruation.

c. Option 4 Trace D. Luteinizing hormone secretion peaks at about the time of ovulation (in a similar manner to follicle-stimulating hormone, but its concentration tends to be greater). 

d. Option 2 Trace B. Progestogens formed by the corpus luteum dominate the luteal phase of the cycle and cause the endometrium to enter the secretory phase. 

e. Option 2 Trace B. Inhibin is a hormone produced by the ovary that inhibits secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland. It peaks in the luteal phase of the cycle with a time course similar to the progestogen level.

Ethidium Bromide

a. Option 1 D. At the beginning of diastole ventricular volume is around 50 ml and the pressure is around 120 mmHg (above atmospheric) because the isometric phase of diastole has not yet occurred. 

b. Option 1 D. At the end of systole, ventricular volume has returned to 50 ml and the pressure is around 120 mmHg, having fallen from a maximal value around 140 mmHg as the aortic valve closes. 

c. Option 12 BC. By definition volume is unchanged during isometric contraction, while pressure rises from about zero to a level which will open the aortic valve at arterial diastolic pressure, around 90 mmHg; thus isometric contraction is represented by the vertical line BC. 

d. Option 9 CD. The two segments BC and DA represent isometric systole and isometric diastole, so are completely straight. During ventricular filling, AB, there is a small (around 5 mmHg) rise in pressure during atrial systole. In contrast, during the ejection phase of ventricular systole, CD, the pressure rises from arterial diastolic to arterial systolic (from around 90 to 140 mmHg) and then falls back to around 120 mmHg as the aortic valve closes. 

e. Option 13 ABCD. Diastolic filling starts when ventricular volume is around 50 ml and its pressure close to atmospheric. The pressure–volume trace then moves to B where filling is complete, and continues in an anti-clockwise direction.

1. carbon-di-oxide  

2. water

A. Option 2 Intracellular membrane-bound structures containing enzymes that can destroy most cellular structures. The postmortem breakdown of the lysosomal membranes releases lysosomal enzymes that autolyse (cause self-destruction of) the cell. 

B. Option 4 Structures lying close to the nucleus responsible for organizing the microtubular systems. Centrosomes are made up of two centrioles. At mitotic division the centrosomes are duplicated and one goes to each end of the mitotic spindle. The microtubules they control allow movement within the cell. 

C. Option 5 Membrane-bound organelles associated with numerous enzymes that catalyse a variety of anabolic and catabolic reactions. They are involved in the oxidation of some long chain fatty acids. Drugs that can modify peroxisome behaviour are being used in the attempt to lower lipid levels in the blood. 

D. Option 3 Granules in a layer produced by high-speed centrifugation of cells. This is the generic name for the cellular organelles brought down by high-speed centrifugation. 

E. Option 1 Sites of protein synthesis rich in RNA. Ribosomes can be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum where they synthesize proteins such as hormones.

A. True Due to the direct effect of cold on vascular smooth muscle. 

B. False Immersion of a hand in cold water provokes general vasoconstriction and a rise in blood pressure – the cold pressor response. 

C. True By cooling the myocardium. 

D. True By inducing currents in endolymph which stimulate vestibular receptors. 

E. False By stimulating uncontrollable gasping under water, it may result in drowning.

A. True Normal function can be maintained with one kidney. 

B. True Though maximum exercise tolerance is reduced, considerable exertion is possible. 

C. True The platelet count must fall by more than 75 per cent before bleeding problems arise. 

D. True Infertility is unlikely unless the count falls to around a quarter of the normal value. 

E. True In short, most body functions carry at least a 50 per cent reserve in the young adult.

No donor is required for transfusion, no transfusion facilities, no risk of transfusion related infection (any two) 

OR 

The maintenance of growth of cells under laboratory conditions in suitable culture medium is known as primary cell culture. 

The primary cell culture is sub-cultured in fresh growth media to develop secondary cultures.

Correct option is D) journeys

Correct option is C) going

The side and back gallery shall be of 212, and 112, respectively.

Ampullary – Isthmic junction.

Meristem is used as an explants to obtain virus free plants in tissue culture.

shoot meristem is the tissue that is used as an explant to obtain virus free plants in virus culture.

The weight of the shuttle is from 73 to 85 grams.

Activates the immune system of cancer patient and helps in destroying the tumor.

 Correct option is (1) National Parks

Vectors used in eukaryotic cells which are constructed in such a way so that they can exist both in eukaryotic cells and E. coli.

C. Multiple Sclerosis

His-57, Asp-102 and Ser-195

Answer is B. Duodenum

A. Negatively charged Asp COOresidue pulls the Ser–OH proton through His

C. Site directed Mutagenesis

Change in the path of light ray when it passes from one medium to another medium is called refraction of
light.

Speed of light is different in different media. The speed of light changes when it passes from one medium to another is the main causes of refraction.

Examples of refraction of light:

1. A pencil partially immersed in water appears to be bent because of the refraction of light coming from the part of pencil that is under water.

2. A lemon kept in water in a glass tumbler appears to be bigger than its actual size, when viewed from the sides.

A. Create gas phase ions from polar charged molecules

Laws of reflection:

1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

2. The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.
Image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual and erect.

Project initiation meetings, use of helplines and rural common service centres, wall paintings, door to door contact programmes, schools and colleges, village libraries, engagement of Bharat Nirman Volunteers and Nehru Yuvak Kendras, Engagement of SHGs.

Increase in Food production through the introduction of high yield crop varieties and the application of modem agricultural techniques is called Green Revolution.

1. Increase in Agricultural production and yield per hectare. 

2. Better land use by employing two or three crop pattern. 

3. Reduction of imports of food grains. 

4. Improves country’s Economic status.

• Communication plays a significant role in the Modern World. They create awareness about the policies. programme of developments, learning. 
• Adopt new technological innovations in agriculture and industry as well as transportation. 
• People can acquire information of day’s affairs of the world. 
• It brings out the unity, integrity and stability of the country. 
• It helps in the development of cultural, political and social aspects as well as trade and commerce. 
• They have laid a base for modern business. Thus, communication plays a vital role in the development of a nation.
• Speed with messages could be sent across the world with in a second. 
• The Telephone or Radio are linked the people Worldwide and they can speak each other directly. 
• Even today newspaper touch every part of the country as it covers international, national and local news as well as entertainments with other information. 
• The radio has its own name by broadcasting news and information which will reach all corners of country and abroad. 
• Television allows the audio and video facilities to gain information for public. 
• It has a profound role to play in the forecasting of weather, the direction of aircraft. shipping and warning of usual events such as Hirricanes, snowfall and rainfalls as well as floods. 
• Rapid communication have great political implication for leaders can speak to people all over the country.

Conditions for Cultivation of cotton:

1. Cotton is a tropical & Sub-tropical crop. It requires high temperature. At the time of growing it requires 21°C to 24°Ç temperature. 

2. It requires moderate rainfall of 50 cm to 100 cm. However, it can cultivate in areas of lesser rainfall with the help of irrigation.

3. Deep black soil is well suitable for cotton crop. This soil is commonly known as Black cotton soil. This is capable of retaining moisture. 

4. Cotton requires the use of Manures & fertilizers crop rotation helps to maintain fertility of the soil & improve the yield. 

5. Cotton cultivation requires large amount of cheap labours for planting, thinning, seeding, picking of cotton. 

6. Frosting, Moist weather & heavy rainfall are harmful to the crop. 

7. Cotton plant is susceptible to disease & pests. Site requires the use of insecticides & pesticides. 

8. The Sunny weather is necessary at the time of harvesting the cotton.

Varieties of Cotton:

(1) Long Staple Cotton: 

• It is the best variety 
• It has over 3.8 cm in length. 
• Because of its length of fibre, fine & shining it is used for making fine & super fine quality of cloth. 
• It is Largely grown in Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Tarnil Nadu & Madhya Pradesh etc.

(ii) Medium Staple Cotton: 

• The length of catton fibre is between 2.5 cm to 3.8 cm is known as medium staple cotton. 
• It is used for making Medium cloth. 
• his is grown in Rajasthan, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka etc.

(iii) Short Staple Cotton: 

• This is infèrior variety with fiber length less than 2.5 cm. 
• This used for making inferior quality of cloth, stuffing purpose, blending with synthetic, fibre etc.
• This type of cotton production is reduced in India. 
• Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh & Rajasthan etc are growing this type of cotton.

Mirror formula: It is a mathematical relation between the object distance is image distance ‘v’ and focal length ‘f of a spherical mirrors. This relation is

\(\frac{1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}= \frac{1}{f}\) or \(\frac{1}{v}+\frac{1}{u}= \frac{1}{f}\)

This formula is applicable to all concave and convex mirrors 

Magnification by a spherical mirror:

The ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object is called magnification. It is denoted by in m = \(\frac{h'}{h}\) Where h' = image height, h = object height

Note: Magnification ‘m’ is also related to the object distance (u) and image distance (v). It can be expressed as

m = \(\frac{h'}{h}=\frac{-v}{u}\)

A negative sign in the value of magnification indicates that the image is real.

A positive sign in the value of magnification indicates that the image is virtual.

The important types of land use pattern in India are: 

1. Forest area 

2. Land not available for cultivation 

3. Cultivable wasteland 

4. Fallow land 

5. Net area sown.

1. Forest area : – 

• According to National Forest Policy 1952, reporting area of the forest must be 33.3% of the total land. 
• Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra. Andhra Pradesh, Andaman Nicobar. Islands are reporting more area under forests. 
• It is due to heavy rainfall and relief features.

2. Land not available for cultivation : 

• The land used for human settlements, transport routes, canals, quarries, the mountains, deserts, marshes etc, are coming under this category. It accounts 14.2% of the total land in India. 
• Arunachal Pradesh. Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, states are having more area under this category.

Principle focus of a concave mirror is a point on the principal axis at which a beam of light incident parallel to the principal axis converges after reflection from the concave mirror.
Focal length of a spherical mirror = 1/2 × radius of curvature

= \(\frac{1}{2}\) x 20 = 10 cm

∴ f = 10 cm

Concave mirror gives an erect and enlarged image of an object.

The types of Migration are Internal Migration and International Migration.

I. Internal Migration : Movement of people from one region to another within the same country is called internal migration. 

In India there are four streams of mternal migration. They are

1. Rural to Rural 

2. Rural to Urban 

3. Urban to Urban 

4. Urban to Rural

1. (a) Rural to Rural : This is estimated that about 65.2% of total migration is of this category. Female migrants dominated in this stream, Thus it is an important example for matrimonal migration and it is called women migration.

2. Rural to Urban : Rural to Urban migration (17.6%) is second important type of migration. Rural – Urban migration is caused b both push of the rural areas as well as pull of the urban areas.

3. Urban to Urban : Generally, people like to move from small town with less facility to large cities ith more facilities.

4. Urban to Rural : Urban areas are usually affected by the pollution. The retired and aged people prefer to spend their old age life in nearby villages. Thus people move from ltrban to Rural.

5 International Migration : Movement of people from one country to another across international borders is called International migration.

1. The North America – The Greatest air traffic is found in USA with internal and international flights. It has the top airports like Attanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, Dallas.

2. South America – It has far air routes. The Major international airports are: Rio-de-Janeiro, Brasilia, Saopaulo, Santiago and Buenos Aires.

3. Africa – It is served by 2 international Airlines. 

(a) The East African air route through London, Rome, Cairo, Nairobi and Johannesbrug. 

(b) Sri Lanka and South East Asia and the Central air route

4. Australia – It is a well developed internal and external air services. Sydney is an important international airport.

5. Asia – China has external links with other countries of the world. Its enroute location is between Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa.

6. The Russian International Air Routes: Russia and other countries of former Soviet Union are well connected by air service. All Countries of the World connects each other through airlines of different comers.

The government of India has taken several steps to control the growth of population in the country are as :

• Family Planning Programme : India was the first country in the world to adopt the family planning programme in the year 1952. The main aim is to control births by various means such as free sterilization (Vasectomy for males Tubectomy for females). Adopting contraceptives etc. 
• Improvement of the status of women : The social, economic and political status of women have been improved through education and various women welfare scheme. For ex: In Karnataka free Education, Government jobs, Bhagyalaxmiyojana etc. 
• Programmes to control infant mortality : The government of Karnataka has introduced many child welfare programmes to control infänt mortality. For ex: Jananisurakshayojan, Madilu Prasooti Araike etc. 
• Area Projects : Under this project health worker visit door to door and advise. In addition they are also motivating the people to adopt contraceptives and undergo sterilization. 
• Publicity : Broadcasting the benefits of small family through the Radio, Television and Ne spapers etc.

Sex Ratio: 

• The ratio between male and female population is called sex ratio. It is usual measured as “the number of females per thousand nales. 
• On an average, a sex ratio of the world was 986 females per 1000 males during 2010 it was reduced 984 in 2011. 
• The highest sex ratio in the world has been recorded in ‘Latria and Estonia’ it was 1174 & 1170 per thousand. 
• The lowest sex ratio was found in UAE which is only 468 females per thousand males. 
• As per the united nations list in 139 countries females are more than the males. Where as 72 countries males are more than females.

Age structure: 

Age structure represents the number of people in different age groups. It includes both male & female population.

• About 65.8% of population belongs to the age group of 15- 65 years who are ‘adults’. 
• Above 65 years of age group is only 8%. They are called ‘aged’. 
• Remaining about 26.2% is below the age group of 15 year called ‘infants’. 
• Dependency ratio – The population ratio between the ages of 15 & 64 (Aults) and below 15,(infants) & above 64 (aged).

The growth of population refers to the increases in the number of inhabitants of a country during specific period.

• It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804. 
• Due to the impact of the industrial revolution & improvement in living standards, the rate of population growth increased two billion in 1927. 
• At present estimate of 2013 the globe is inhabited by 7121 million population. 
• During the begning of 20^th century the world population was only 2 billion and centum ended with 6 billion. 
• It continues to grow even in the 21^st century.

Stages of Population growth: 

I Three billion – July 1959 

II Four billion-April 1974 

III Five billion-July 1987 

IV Six billion – October 1999 

V Seven billion – 12^th March 2012.

Effects of over population:

• Increased levels of air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination and noise pollution. 
• Deforestation and loss of ecosystem. 
• Increasing temperature in the atmosphere which results of Global Warming. 
• Starvation, Malnutrition. 
• Unhygienic living condition for many due to water scarcity, discharge of sewage water & solid waste disposal. 
• Depletion of natural resources. 
• Political instability. 
• Increasing of unemployment. 
• Lack of civic amentities (Food, Clothing & Shelter).

Measurements to Control the population:

• Adoption and Propoganda of Family planning methods. 
• Practice of celibacy.
• Self control. 
• Remaining unmarried. 
• Improving women’s status and health. 
• Provide education.
• Increasing the food production.

Correct answer is (D) Electrons and nucleons

The fundamental particles present in an atom are electrons and nucleons (protons and neutrons).

Correct answer is (A) electrons

Correct answer is (A) L = nh/2π

Correct answer is (B) 2 Protons and 2 neutron

• Internet : An Interconnected system of networks that connects computers around the world.
• E-Mail : A system for sending and receiving messages electronically over a computer network, in between personal computers.
• Remote Sensing : Remote sensing is the scanning of the earth by Satellite or aircraft to obtain information about it. It is also the gathering and recording of information through aerial Photographs and Satellite images. 
• Satellite Communication : An artificial body placed in orbit round the earth or another planet in order to collect information for communication with other purposes.

Correct answer is (A) N = N_O e^-λT

nº → p⁺ + e^- + \(\bar{v}\) (β^- decay)

\(\bar{v}\) = antineutrino (of the electron type)

p⁺ = proton

e^- = electron

nº = free neutron

The answer is: Antinutrino

\(^{22}_{11}Na\) + \((^o_{-1}e^-)\) → \(^{22}_{10}Ne\) + \(\bar{v}_e\)(electron antineutrino)

\(^o_{-1}e\) (or \(^o_{-1}\beta)\) \(\Rightarrow\) beta particle (electron)

The answer is: Electron.