Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

1. A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion. A heroic past, great men, glory, that is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea. 

2. To have common glories in the past, to have a common will in the present, to have performed great deeds together, to wish to perform still more, these are the essential conditions of being a people. 

3. A nation is, therefore, a large-scale solidarity. Its existence is a daily plebiscite. A province is its inhabitants; if anyone has the right to be consulted, it is the inhabitant. 

4. A nation never has any real interest in annexing or holding on to a country against its will. The existence of nations is a good thing, a necessity even. Their existence is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the world had only one law and only one master.

• The land holdings are usually small in a thickly populated area, farming is very intensive and produced more is known as “Intensive farming”. 
• It is a labour and capital Intensive farming. 
• Large amount of labour and capital is used on small land holding to get maximum production of crops. 
• The available small piece of land is used for cultivation with irrigation facilities through out the year. 
• In this system, farmers try to raise two or more crops, with careful tilling of the soil. 
• Intensive agriculture is characterized by high yields per unit area and farmers try to get the maximum production from small land holdings. 
• It is common in the fertile and irrigated parts of the country. 
• In this type, agricultural operations are carried on by manual labour and animals. 
• Rice is the main crop of Intensive farming.

• In – situ method 
• Ex – Situ method.

• city:- The urban center with 1 lakh and more population is called city. 
• Million city: – Total population of 1 million and above the urban area is known as million city.

The temperature changes when  different masses of ammonium nitrate are dissolved in water because the ammonium nitrate takes energy from the surrounding water environment for the breaking of ionic bonds as a result the temperature of water decreases. When more concentration of ammonium nitrate is added to water, more decrease occur in temperature of water and the water becomes cold.

1. Controlling the runoff of rain water and make it to perculate to increase ground water table for future purpose.

2. It involves collection and storage of rainwater at surface or in sub-surface aquifier, before it is lost as surface runoff. It not only increases water availability but also checks the declining water table.

Objectives : 

The following are the main objectives of rain water harvesting.

• It checks runoff water & avoid flooding. 
• It replenishes the ground water table and enables the wells. 
• It helps to overcome the adequancy of surface water to meet demand of water. 
• If the ground water is blackish, it will reduce the salinity. 
• It also reduces ground water contamination and improve water quality. 
• It helps to increase agricultural product and improves ecology of an area.

Methods of Rain Water Harvesting : 

1. In-situ method The method of percolating the rain at the point of its fall itself is called In-situ rainwater harvesting. 

For example :

• Infilteration pits: The rain water can be collected and stored in pits, dug in farm lands and used for irrigation. 
• Contour bunds and trenches: The Construction of bunds, trenches or check dams. 
• Roof top water harvesting: The Rain water that falls on the roofs of buildings or in courtyards is collected and stored in underground. Sumps, or wells or in drums and used for domestic purpose such as cleaning, washing etc.

2. Ex-situ method: This method of rainwater harvesting involves storing of running water. It is collected in check dams, huge percolation tanks etc. It is an expensive method.

The chief advantages of plant tissue culture arc as follows:

• Rapid multiplication, means thousands of plants can be produced within a year starting from a single explant. 
• Freedom from pests and pathogens. It refers to the production of disease free plants & production of disease & pest-resistant plants. 
• Economy of space & resources, that thousands of plants can be raised in a few square meters of laboratory space. 
• Round the year multiplication as per demand. 
• Easy transport due to miniaturization. 
• Selective multiplication of desired plants.

1. Sarva shikshana Abhiyana 

2. Anna Bhagya Yojana 

3. Ksheera bhagy a Yojana 

4. Coolygagikalu and Ba maralishalege.

Some of the key economic benefits associated with the conservation of heritage buildings include:

• Businesses benefit from locating in heritage buildings and areas
• The growth in employment in the restoration industry in construction trades, professionals and product manufacturing
• Enhanced municipal tax base through restored individual buildings and areas
• Increased tourism
• Restoration is often cheaper than new construction

Economic Sustainability

• The conservation of heritage buildings is often predicated on their economic sustainability, with the following important claims:
• Creates more local employment than does new construction
• Uses less energy than new construction
• Creates less waste then new construction
• Encourages the enhancement of existing neighbourhoods and infrastructure and opposes decay, urban sprawl and increased infrastructure costs

Heritage is the full range of our inherited traditions, monuments, objects, and culture. Most important, it is the range of contemporary activities, meanings, and behaviors that we draw from them. Heritage includes, but is much more than preserving, excavating, displaying, or restoring a collection of old things.

The main aims of the project are flood control, Promotion of irrigation, Generating Hydro-Electricity, Navigation, Afforestation, Prevents Soil erosion, Inland fishing and recreation facilities.

Its features are as follows : Damodar and its tributaries

• It comprises four Dams, three Hydel Power stations one barrage and three thermal power stations.

1. Tilaiya Dam :

• This dam has been constructed on Barakar river, a tributary of Damodar. 
• Its gross storage capacity is 395 million cubic metres. 
• Two power stations of 200 KW each have been set up here. The dam provides irrigation facilities to 40,000 hectares.

2. Konar Dam :

• It has been constructed on Konar river. 
• Its gross storage capacity is 337 million cubic metres. Its provides irrigation facilities to 1.4 Lakh hectares.

3. Marathon Dam :

• It has been constructed on Barakar river. 
• Its gross storage capacity is 1,357 million cubic metres. There are three hydro electric power units with an installed capacity of 60 MW.

4. Panchet Hill Dam :

• It has been constructed on river Damodar. 
• Its gross storage capacity is 1,497 million cubic meters.

5. Durgapur Barrage : The Network is of 2,495 km long canals. They irrigate 4.75 Lakh hectares in West Bengal.

Water’s extensive capability to dissolve a variety of molecules has earned it the designation of “universal solvent,” and it is this ability that makes water such an invaluable life-sustaining force.  On a biological level, water’s role as a solvent helps cells transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients. Water-based solutions like blood help carry molecules to the necessary locations. Thus, water’s role as a solvent facilitates the transport of molecules like oxygen for respiration and has a major impact on the ability of drugs to reach their targets in the body. 

1. Rapid multiplication, means thousands of plants can be produced within a year starting from a single explant. 

2. Round the year multiplication as per demand. 

3. Easy transport due to miniaturization. 

4. Selective multiplication of desired plants,

• Water helps in dispersal of seeds, gametes and larval stages of aquatic organism and also fertilization by swimming gametes
• It also helps in germination of seeds by swelling and breaking open of testa and further development
• Helps in osmosis and turgidity which results in cell growth
• Helps in transpiration in plants
• Helps is osmoregulation in animals such as cooling by evaporation such as sweating and panting
• Water also helps in support mechanism, for example in annelida, water acts as hydrostatic skeleton
• Water also helps in protection. For example lacrimal fluids, mucus

Classification of roads: In India, roads are of the following types. 

1. National highways, 

2. State highways, 

3. District roads and 

4. Village roads.

Besides these, there are border roads and International highways linking major Indian cities with the capitals of other neighbouring countries.

National highways:

• They connect the capitals of the states, industrial centres and major ports. 
• They are well planned wide roads with two-lane, four-lane, and six-fane roads. Both construction and maintenance are carried out by the Central Government and National Highway Authority of India [NHAI], 
• The total length of the national highways is about 71,772 km as per 2011.

1. The Golden Quadrilateral, 

2. The North South and East West corridors, 

3. Port connectivity with industries are all parfbf this network.

1. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway: The Government of India has implemented a major road development project linking Delhi Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai by six-lane super high-ways. It has a total length of 5846 kms and it is called as Golden Quadrilateral Super Highway.

2. North – South and East-West corridors: This project connects Srinagar (JK) in the North with Kanya kumari (TN) in the South and Silcher (Assam) in the East with Porbandar (Gujarat) in the West covering major cities along the way. The project has a total length of 7300 km.

3. Port connectivity project: This is also included in the programmes of NHAI. This project connects the Golden Quadrilateral roads with the 13 major ports (380 km) and other projects (962 km). This is still in progress.

4. State Highways: The State Highways connect the important cities of the state with its capital, with the national highways and link with other state capitals. The State Government is responsible for the construction and maintenance of the State Highways. Now there are about 1.54, 522 km length of the state highways in the country.

5. District roads: These roads connect the production and marketing centres with the highways, railways, towns and larger villages with the district headquarters. The Zilla Parishad takes the responsibility of the development and maintenance of these roads.

6. Village roads: Roads which link the taluk headquarters with villages and the district highways are called village roads. They are mostly untarred or metalled. They are constructed and maintained by Taluk Panchayats and Village Panchayats.

7. Border roads: Border roads are constructed in the border areas of the country. They are constructed in the North and North eastern border areas adjoining Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. These are mainly for army movement in the defence of the country.

8. International highways: Some of the national highways of the country have been linked with the international highways of the neighbouring countries.

1. There must be coal, petroleum or natural gas in abundance 

2. Large space required for the construction of thermal plant 

3. Abundance supply of water.

The growth of population refers to the increases in the number of inhabitants of a country during specific period.

• It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804. 
• Due to the impact of the industrial revolution & improvement in living standards, the rate of population growth increased two billion in 1927. 
• At present estimate of 2013 the globe is inhabited by 7121 million population. 
• During the begining of 20th century the world population was only 2 billion and centum ended with 6 billion. It continues to grow even in the 21^st century.

Stages of Population growth:

• Three billion – July 1959 
• Four billion – April 1974 
• Five billion – July 1987 
• Six billion – October 1999 
• Seven billion – 12th March 2012.

1. Minerals supports metallic industries such as Iron, steel and aluminium etc. 

2. Many non – metallic minerals are essential for man act. 

3. Using of cement and chemical fertilizer.

Mumbai is the Leading cotton textile center of India. So it is known as Manchester of India and the “Cotton Police of India”

1. Planning is the process by which an individual or organization decides in advance on some future course of action. 

2. It involves the process of thinking, formulation of a scheme or programme and implementation of a set of actions to achieve some goal.

There are two approaches to planning, sectorial planning and regional planning.

1. The sectoral planning means formulation and implementation of the sets of schemes or programmes aimed at Development of various sectors of the economy such as agriculture, irrigation, manufacturing power, construction, transport, communication, social infrastructure and services. 

2. Some areas are more developed and some lag behind. 

3. This uneven pattern of developed over space necessitates that the Planners should have spatial perspective and draws the plans to reduce regional imbalance in development. This type of Planning is termed as regional planning.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

• Furnace Oil is one of the cheapest fuels available for industrial use.
• It is a by-product of petroleum refineries. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Furnace oil is a dark coloured fuel, either distilled or residual fraction of crude oil that is extracted while petroleum distillation and is used for the purpose of generation heat and power. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• This fuel is sticky, thick and glutinous in nature.
• Furnace oil is known by the name of fuel oil internationally and also as bunker fuel.
• It is used primarily for steam boilers in power plants, aboard ships, and in industrial plants. Various categories of industries such as cement, thermal power plant, fertilizers, nitric acid, lime kiln, ceramic, glass, foundry, reheating furnaces, calcium carbide, aluminium, boiler-based industries etc., use pet coke and furnace oil for various purposes including as fuel.
• It causes huge emissions of sulphur dioxide and secondary sulphate formation as particulate matter (PM). Hence statement 3 is correct.

• Internal migration 
• International migration

1. It rely more and rapid information about isolated areas. 

2. It has a profound role to play in the fore casting of weather. 

3. It plays the direction of air craft, shipping and warning of unsual events such as hurricanes, snowfall and rainfall as well as floods.

Export trade of India: Refers to the sale of goods and services by India to other countries of the world.

Import trade of India: Refers to the buying goods from foreign countries and bringing them to home country.

Caste community, Linguistic community.

• Sahara – Mumbai 
• Indira Gandhi International – Delhi 
• Subash Chandra Bose – Kolkata 
• Anna – Chennai 
• Kempegowda international airport – Bangalore 
• Rajiv Gandhi international airport – Hyderabad.

• It is very efficient means for speedy transport of people, mail and goods. 
• It is very essential in times of peace as well as emergencies..

They are capable of solving the requirements such as supply of energy in a decentralized manner and have sustainable invironment. Thus the development of these power resources is very essential.

Aristotle was the first person to say ‘Man is a social animal’.

1. Anthraite 

2. lignite 

3. Bituminous 

4. Peat.

• It is light weight strong and rust resistant, 
• It is used in aircrafts, automobiles. 
• It is mainly used in electrical industry as it is a good conductor of electricity.

1. National highways 

2. State highways 

3. District roads and 

4. Village roads.

Litigation is ajudicial form of conflict.

• Internal Air transport or The Indian Airlines. 
• International Air transport or The Air India.

Linestone, sea shalls, slag, silica, alumina, clay and gypsum are the raw materials used in the cement industry.

Lime stone, sea shalls, slag, silica alumina, clay and gypsum are the raw materials used in the cement industry.

The word family is derived from Latin word Famulus which means a servant.

• Mumbai – Sahara 
• Delhi – Indira Gandhi International 
• Kolkata – Subash Chandra Bose 
• Chennai – Anna 
• Bangalore – Kempegowda International Airport 
• Hyderabad – Rajiv Gandhi international Airport

• Television educates millions of people through advertisement. 
• It is a source of entertainment. 
• It makes a personal appeal and transmits messages directly into the homes of the viewers. 
• Events happening at different parts of the world can be seen within minutes or even seconds thanks to news coverage.

Limestone, sea shalls, slag, silica alumina, clay and gypsum are the raw material used in the cement industry.

In 1977, ‘Family planning’ was renamed as ‘Family welfare’. The Government of India adopted the UNPF (United Nations Population Fund) guideline of delaying the -first child and spacing the subsequent birth(s).

The Primary health Centres that are engaged in family planning programmes, perform two specific functions: providing services to the people and disseminating information about these services in an effective manner in order to motivate the people to accept family planning. The major objective of family planning is “To increase individual happiness and to enhance health of the society”.

National Population Policy 2000 [NPP-2000]: It is the latest in the series. It reaffirms the commitment of the government towards administering family planning services. The object of NPP-2000 is to bring the total fertility rate (TFR) to replacement levels by 2010. 

It contains the goals and the target to be achieved by 2010 as given below.

1. Reduce infant mortality rate. 

2. Reduce maternal mortality rate. 

3. Achieve universal immunisation of children against all preventable diseases. 

4. Achieve institutional deliveries by trained persons. 

5. Achieve 100% registration of births, deaths, marriages and pregnancy. 

6. Prevention and control of communicable diseases. 

7. Promote vigorously small family norms to achieve TFR 

8. Contain the spread of AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). 

9. Address the unmet needs for basic reproductive and child health services, supplies and infrastructure. 

10. Make school education up to age 14 free and, compulsory and reduce drop-outs at primary and secondary school levels. 

11. Achieve universal access to information/ counselling and services for fertility regulation and contraception. 

12. To take appropriate steps to make family welfare programme a people-centred programme.

Polyandry means one wife with two or more husbands.

Pressure on agricultural land increase not only due to the limited availability but also by deterioration of quality of agricultural land due to soil erosion water logging and salinization and alkalization which is called Land degradation.

Preservation function, reformative function.

According to Samuel Koening “Social change refers to modification which occurs in the life patterns of people.” 

(a) Socialisation

According to Goode and Hatt “questionnaire as a device for securing answers to question using a form which the respondent fills in himself.” 

(a) heavy in-migration of non-tribals