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In Panchayats and municipalities system of elected bodies about one-third seats are reserved for women.

Importance:

• The Iron and Steel industry is described as a basic Industry. 
• Iron and Steel supplied by this industry such as machineries, irrigation projects, ship building, power projects, construction of bridges, buildings, transport equipment, machine tools and so on.
• The Production and Consumption of Iron and Steel is an index level of the economic develpoment of a country.

Distribution: 

There are nine major Iron and Steel industries in India.

• Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), Jamshedpur: It was established in 1907. It was the first largest steel plant of the country. 
• Vishveswariah Iron and Steel Co. Ltd (VISL) Bhadravathi 11 was first established in 1923 by the princely state of Mysore located at Bhadravathi in Shimoga district of Karnataka. 
• India Iron and Steel Company Ltd (IISCO) Bunpur:- It was established in 1919 at Bumpur in West Bengal. It was the second largest integrated steel plant after Tata Iron and Steel Ltd. 
• Hindustan Steel Company Ltd, Rourkela:- It was completed with the German collaboration. The steel plant was comminssioned in 1955. 
• Bhilai Steel Plant: It has the largest steel production plant of the public sector. It is located at Bilai near Raipur in Chhatisgarh. 
• Durgapur Steel Plant: The steel plant in Durgapur in West Bengal was established with British collaboration and was commissioned in 1956. 
• Salem Steel Plant: It is located at Salem in Tamil Nadu and the production was started from 1982.
• Vishakapatnam Steel Plant: Established by National Ispat Nigam Ltd in Andhra Pradesh. 
• New Steel Plants Some private sectors plants are. 
• Jindal Vijaynagar Steel Ltd (JVSL) This steel plant is located at Tomagal, Bellary district in Karnataka. 
• Essar Steel Ltd (ESL) It is situated at Hazira in Gujarat. 
• Ispat Insutries Ltd (IIL) It is situated at Dovi, Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra.
• Neelachal Ispat Nigam Ltd (NINL)It is a new steel plant located at Dubai, Odisha. 
• Mini Steel Plants Presently, 199 lincensed electric ore furnace units with an installed capacity of 7.8 million tonnes have been commissioned and hence started commercial production.

The lowest unit of Panchayati Raj System is Gramm Panchyat.

Importance : The ‘Cement’ is the name given to the mixture of limestone, clay, silica and gypsum. 

This is essential for all types of construction activities.

• Cement is essential for the development of all types of infrastructure facilities such as roads, bridge, dams, buldings canals etc. 
• The production and consumption of cement is an indicator of the progress of a nation. 
• It is the fundamental requirement for the development of major economic sectors such as agriculture, industry, transportation, trade etc. 
• India is not only one of the major cement producing countries of the world, at the same time, it is one of the largest cement consumer as well as exporter.

Development : The first cement plant was established by South Indian Industries at Ranipet near Chennai in 1904.

• During 1914-16 two more cement plants were established at Katni in Madhya Pradesh & Lakheri of Rajasthan. 
• In 1934, 10 out of 11 existing companies merged together & established Associated Cernent Company Ltd., (ACC) by 1947. 
• At present (2010) there are 153 large cement plants with a total production of 219.51 million tonnes. Besides the country have more than 99 mini cement plants with an installed capacity of 11.10 mmt. it the last three decades the country has emerged as the second largest cement producing country of the world.

The major ports located in the vcst coast of India are:

1. Kandla 

2. Mumbai.

1. Kandla: It is a tidal port located at Eastern end of Gulf of Kachclih (Gujarat).

• It has a natural harbour and has a vast hinterland, rich in agriculture and animal husbandry. 
• Its main exports consists of leather, petroleum products, chemicals, salt, cement, cotton and silk textiles and edible oils. 
• The imports include crude oil, potash, fertilizers, machines and synthetic rubber.

2. Mumbal: Mumbai is the biggest, most spacious, natural, well shelter, and capital of the Maharashtra state.

• The port is situated towards the eastern side of Mumbai island which runs in a north-east to south-east direction. 
• The length of this port is 2O kms and width is 6-10 kms. 
• There are 54 berths in its wet dock. This port has become India’s largest oil terminal. 
• It has rich hinterland. 
• Important items of imports are food grains, crude oil, machinery, chemicals, fertilizers sand transport equipment. 
• The main items of exports are cotton textiles oilseeds, hides and skins,iron and manganese ore.

• Slums arc in environmentally unsuited and degraded area. Houses in slums are decaying, poor hygienic conditions, poor ventilation. 
• Lack of basic amentities like drinking water, light and toilet facilities. 
• They are overcrowded having narrow street pattern prone to serious hazards from fire. 
• People living in slums are poor. There fore problems are common. 
• They are the undernourished, prone to different types of diseases and illness. 
• They can not afford to give proper education to their children. 
• The Poverty makes them valnerable to drug abuse alcoholism, crime, vandalism and ultimately they face social exclusion.

Primary activities such as food gathering, hunting, lumbering, animal rearing, fishing, agriculture & mining etc.

1. Neger – 51.26 briths per 1000 Population 

2. Chad-47 births per 1000 Population.

Transport is the carrying of Goods & Passengers from one place to other by Human Animals and different kinds of vehicles.

Mining refer to the Extraction of the minerals from the Earth such as Iron ore, Manganese. Gold, Coal, Diamond and Petroleum.

Newyork is the largest mega city in the world.

In 1952 year family planning programme was introduced in India.

The family planning program introduced in India in the Year 1952.

Sputnik’ on 1957.

(i) Precondition for life : Water is necessary for life on earth. It is believed that life originated in water before it invaded land. Water is in fact a precondition of life. 

(ii) Water essential for crops: Cultivation of crops depends on the availability of water. Water dissolves minerals and other nutrients in the ground. The roots of the plants draw this nutritious water for the soil. India is an agricultural country so availability of water is a must. 

(iii) Water and industries : Industries need water as coolant, solvent, raw material, etc. 

(iv) Water for daily life : Water is also used for drinking and domestic consumption. The growing urbanisation with its modern lifestyle has been demanding greater share of water day by day. 

(v) Water an important component of ecosystem : Conservation of water is also important to prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems. 

(vi) Water scarcity : It is essential to conserve and manage water because its overuse and misuse has lead to water scarcity.

Jharia is “store house of the best Metallurgical coal.”

Mega city is a metropolitan area with total Population of more than 10 million People.

Atomic energy commission was established in 1948. 

Kerala (1084 females for every 1000 males) accordings to 2011 census.

Basel and Rotterdam are the terminal ports of Rhine inland waterways.

Bhakra – Nangal dam.

• Sugarcane is the main source of Sugar, Gur and Khandsari. 
• It provides raw materials for manufacturing Alcohal.

Paddy is grown in Warm- humid of climate.

Immigration : is used for in-migration from across the international border where. 

Emigration : is used for out-migration from one country to another.

The growing of cell or tissue or an organ in an artificial aseptic and nutritive medium is called “Tissue culture”.

Suez Canal connects Mediterranean Sea – Red Sea.

There are 5 important pattern of rural settlements. 

1. Uniform Pattern 

2. Clustered Patttem 

3. RANDOM Pattern 

4. Dispersed Pattern 

5. Hamlets Pattern.

The first oil well was drilled at Digboi. And Major oil fields of Assam state are in Digboi.

• Cotton textile industries 
• Jute industries 
• Sugar industries

• Coal 
• Petroleum 
• Natural gas

Market gardening in India is found in Himalayan Region. 

The first modem cotton mill was setup in 1818 at ‘Fort Glaster’ near Kolkata.

On the Hoogly river 148 Km from the sea

1. They help the industry by transporting raw – material,-labour, fuel by distribution and . marketing. 

2. Railways are promoting the movement of goods and passenger traffic 

3. They are promoting the development of foreign trade 

4. It is the cheapest means of surface transport to carry the bulky goods for the longer distances.

All the agro-based industries of India are located near to places where the raw materials for them are cultivated. This enables to get raw materials cheaply and in plenty. 

For eg: Mumbai and Ahmedabad, the centers of cotton textile industry in India are located near to places where cotton is cultivated on a large scale.

According to 2011 the density of population in India is 382 persons.  

1. Uttar Pradesh 

2. Maharashtra 

3. Tamilnadu 

4. Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, etc.

The juice is to be extracted immediately after the harvest of sugarcane. Otherwise, the quantity of juice and the amount of sucrose in the juice will be less. That is why sugar industries are located near sugar fields.

On the Hoogly river 148km from the sea.

Sugar industry, cotton textile industry, jute industry, paper industry, woollen industry, silk industry, paint industry, varnish industry, soap industry, rubber industry, etc.

Uttar Pradesh is the Indian state leading in the production of both sugarcane and cane sugar.

Mumbai is the largest megacity of India.

In Brazil, coffee gardens are called Fazenda.

The resources which cannot be used again and again for example, coal, petroleum natural gas are called ‘conventional power resources” in contrast, the resoures which can be use again and again forex: Solar, wind, tidal, Hydro electricity etc. are called ‘non conventional power resources”.