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The inner tangential wall develops bands (sometimes radial walls also) of α cellulose (sometimes also slightly lignified). The cells are hygroscopic. The cells along the junction of the two sporangia of an anther lobe lack these thickenings. This region is called stomium. This region along with the hygroscopic nature of endothecium helps in the dehiscence of anther at maturity.

(a) Temperate regions have been subjected to frequent glaciations in the past whereas, tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years. Therefore, tropical regions had a long evolutionary time for species diversification. 

Tropical environments are less seasonal, relatively more constant and predictable. 

Such constant environments promote niche specialisation and lead to a greater species diversity. 

There is more solar energy available in the tropics, which contributes to higher productivity. 

This in turn might contribute indirectly to greater diversity. 

(b) CNG bums more efficiently than petrol or diesel. 

Very little of it is left un burnt. 

CNG is cheaper than petrol or diesel. 

CNG cannot be siphoned off and adulterated like petrol.

 (D) All of these

Pollination in Salvia (Lever mechanism): The flower of Salvia is adapted for Bee pollination. The flower is protandrous and the corolla is bilabiate with 2 stamens. A lever mechanism helps in pollination. Each anther has an upper fertile lobe and lower sterile lobe which is separated by a long connective which helps the anthers to swing freely. When a bee visits a flower, it sits on the lower lip which acts as a platform.

It enters the flower to suck the nectar by pushing its head into the corolla. During the entry of the bee into the flower the body strikes against the sterile end of the connective. This makes the fertile part of the stamen to descend and strike at the back of the bee. The pollen gets deposited on the back of the bee. When it visits another  flower, the pollen gets rubbed against the stigma and completes the act of pollination in Salvia.

Mis-sense Mutation: The mutation where the codon for one amino acid is changed into a codon for another amino acid is called Missense or non-synonymous mutations.

Non-sense Mutation: The mutations where codon for one amino acid is changed into a termination or stop codon is called Nonsense mutation.

Germplasm conservation refers to the conservation of living genetic resources like pollen, seeds or tissue of plant material maintained for the purpose of selective plant breeding, preservation in live condition and used for many research works.

Germplasm conservation resources is a part of collection of seeds and pollen that are stored in seed or pollen banks, so as to maintain their viability and fertility for any later use such as hybridization and crop improvement. Germplasm conservation may also involve a gene bank and DNA bank of elite breeding lines of plant resources for the maintenance of biological diversity and also for food security.

(a) Emasculation: Removal of anthers of a flower before anthesis to prevent self pollination. 

(b) Bagging: Covering the stigma of the flower with a back to protect it against any undesirable pollen grains.

(c) Biofortification: Breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher protein and healthier fats.

Zygote is a single diploid cell formed by fusion of male and female gametes.

Foxtail Millet: 

Botanical name: Setaria italica. 

This is one of the oldest millet used traditionally in India. Which is domesticated first in China about 6000 years. Rich in protein, carbohydrate, vitamin B and C, Potassium and Calcium. 

Uses: It supports in strengthening of heart and improves eye sight. Thinai porridge is given to lactating mother.

Biofertilizers or microbial innoculants are defined as preparations containing living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that help crop plants uptake of nutrients by their interactions in the rhizosphere when applied through seed or soil. They are efficient in fixing nitrogen, solubilising phosphate and decomposing cellulose.

They are designed to improve the soil fertility, plant growth, and also the number and biological activity of beneficial microorganisms in the soil. They are ecofriendly organic agro inputs and are more efficient and cost effective than chemical fertilizers.

Eichhornia crassipes is an invasive weed native to South America. It was introduced as aquatic ornamental plant, which grows faster throughout the year. Its widespread growth is a major cause of biodiversity loss worldwide. It affects the growth of phytoplanktons and finally changing the aquatic ecosystem.

It also decreases the oxygen content of the water bodies which leads to eutrophication. It poses a threat to human health because it creates a breeding habitat for disease causing mosquitoes (particularly Anopheles) and snails with its free floating dense roots and semi submerged leaves. It also blocks sunlight entering deep and the water ways hampering agriculture, fisheries, recreation and hydro power.

(d) Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

The highest number in global biodiversity is Fish.

• It is a systematic process which causes changes in specific structure of plant community.
• It is resultant of changes of abiotic and biotic factors.
• It transforms unstable community into a stable community.
• Gradual progression in species diversity, total biomass, niche specialisation, and humus content of soil takes place.
• It progresses from simple food chain to complex food web.
• It modifies the lower and simple life form to the higher life forms.
• It creates inter-dependence of plants and animals.

(c) Law of segregation

1. Hibernation (winter sleep): 

It is a supressed metabolic state of an organism to avoid winter season 

Eg: Bears going into hibernation in winter. 

2. Aestivation (summer sleep): 

Hibernation during the summer season is called aestivation 

Eg: Fishes avoid summer related problems like heat and dessication. 

3. Diapause: 

It is the delay in the delopment during adverse enviornmental condition. 

Eg: Many zooplanktons undergoes a stage of suspended development in unfavourable conditions

A Plant called ‘X’ possesses small flower with reduced perianth and versatile anther. The probable agent for pollination would be air.

The first form of life could have come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules. 

Formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution (formation of diverse organic molecules from inorganic constituents).

Four ‘Evil Quartet’ which causes depletion of biodiversity are 

1. Habitat loss and fragmentation 

2. Over Exploitation 

3. Alien species invasion 

4. Co-extinction

Blue- White Colony Selection Method is a powerful method used for screening of recombinant plasmid. In this method, a reporter gene lacZ is inserted in the vector. The lacZ encodes the enzyme β-galactosidase and contains several recognition sites for restriction enzyme.

β-galactosidase breaks a synthetic substrates called X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloroindolyl- β-D- galacto-pyranoside) into an insoluble blue coloured product. If a foreign gene is inserted into lacZ, this gene will be inactivated. Therefore, no-blue colour will develop (white) because pgalactosidase is not synthesized due to inactivation of lacZ.

Therefore, the host cell containing r-DNA form white coloured colonies on the medium contain X-gal, whereas the other cells containing non-recombinant DNA will develop the blue coloured colonies. On the basis of colony colour, the recombinants can be selected.

MOET/Multiple ovulation Embryo Transfer technology. 

Steps involved in the technique : 

• Cow is injected with hormones having FSH – like activity to induce follicular development and production of 6-8 eggs per cycle (Super ovulation). 
• The cow is artificially inseminated or mated with a pedigree bull. 
• Fertilised eggs are non-surgically or mated with a pedigree bull. 
• These embryos are transferred to surrogate cows.

The important edaphic factors which affect vegetation are as follows:

1. Soil moisture: Plants absorbs rain water and moisture directly from the air. 

2. Soil water: Soil water is more important than any other ecological factors affecting the distribution of plants. Rain is the main source of soil water. Capillary water held between pore spaces of soil particles and angles between them is the most important form of water available to the plants. 

3. Soil reactions: Soil may be acidic or alkaline or neutral in their reaction. pH value of the soil solution determines the availability of plant nutrients. The best pH range of the soil for cultivation of crop plants is 5.5 to 6.8. 

4. Soil nutrients: Soil fertility and productivity is the ability of soil to provide all essential plant nutrients such as minerals and organic nutrients in the form of ions.

5. Soil temperature: Soil temperature of an area plays an important role in determining the geographical distribution of plants. Low temperature reduces use of water and solute absorption by roots. 

6. Soil atmosphere: The spaces left between soil particles are called pore spaces which contains oxygen and carbon-di-oxide. 

7. Soil organisms: Many organisms existing in the soil like bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoans, nematodes, insects and earthworms, etc., are called soil organisms.

Remote Sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance from the targeted area. It is an tool used in conservation practices by giving exact picture and data on identification of even a single tree to large area of vegetation and wild life for classification of land use patterns and studies, identification of biodiversity rich or less areas for futuristic works on conservation and maintenance of various species including commercial crop, medicinal plants and threatened plants.

Specific uses:

• Helps predicting favourable climate, for the study of spreading of disease and controlling it.
• Mapping of forest fire and species distribution.
• Tracking the patterns of urban area development and the changes in Farmland or forests over several years.
• Mapping ocean bottom and its resources.

 FSH or LH from the pituitary.

In the male reproductive system, spermatozoa released from the seminiferous tubules move to the rete testis, then via the vasa efferentia, they move to the epididymis where they are stored. On the event of copulation, they travel through the vas deferens into the ejaculatory duct and are then released via the urethra.

So, the correct answer is 'Urethra'.

 Found in Seminiferous tubules and provide nutrition of germ cells

Father decides the sex of the baby.

Mother has XX chromosomes. Father has 'XY' chromosomes. Y chromosome is determining factor. So father is responsible.

Viviparous: The organism which gives birth of young one.

E.g Mammals excepting Echidra ( oviparous mammals)

If the direction of peristalsis is not reversed (rumination is not done) in animal like cow, the food will not be masticate in the mouth and fermentation of the food with the microorganisms in the stomach will not be takes place.

If fertilisation occurs outside the body of the organisms, it is known as external fertilisation. 

Eg : frog and fish.

(i) Synapse 

(ii) It is a functional region of contact between two neurons where information from one neuron is transmitted to another neuron.

The alkaloid Nicotin acts as cancer causing agent (carcinogenic agent).

It helps in the absorption of water by roots, opening, and closing of stomata, seed germination, etc.

Difference between Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration:

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the roots of some waterlogged plants, some parasitic worms, animal muscles and some micro-organisms such as yeasts.

Given dr/dt = 0.5 , t = 3sec, ds/dt = ? dv/dt = ?

surface area = s = 4πr²

ds/dt = 4π.2r . dr/dt

= 4π . 2r . = 4π × 2 × 1.5 × 0.5

= 6π m² /sec 

dr = 0.5 × dt 

⇒ r = 0.5 t 

= 0.5 × 3 

= 1.5

Let the two numbers be x & y. 

Given x + y = 48 & product: = xy where y 48 – x. 

Let p = xy = x (48 – x) 

dp/dx = 48x – x². 

dp/dx = 48 – 2x 

dp/dx = 0 ⇒ 48 – 2x = 0 x = 24 

d²p/dx²= -2 < 0 ⇒ product is maximum 

x = 24 ⇒ y = 48 – 24 = 24 

⇒ the two numbers are 24, 24.