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Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits.

baud rate = (bit rate / N)

where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.

The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.

The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.

Two uses of Photo diodes are as follows—

1. They are used as photo detectors to detect intensity of radiation.

2. They are used as light operated switches.

Work function—The minimum amount of energy required to take out an electron from the surface of metal, is called its work function.

Threshhold fequency—Photo-electrons are not emitted from the surface of a metal if the frequency of the incident light is less than a particular minimum value. This minimum frequency is called threshhold frequency.

A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats.

Prism is used for obtaining spectrum.

Properties of photons are as follows— 

1. A photon travels with a speed of light in vaccum, 

2. A photon has zero rest mass.

Astingmatism—It is that defect of the eye due to which a person cannot focus on both horizontal and vertical lines simultaneously.

A cyclindrical lens is used to remove the defect of astingmatism.

A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers.

The resistance of a conductor depends on length of conductor,  cross-section area of conductor and nature of conductor. 

Mirage—It is an optical illnsion due to which we see a layer of water at a short distance ahead of us in a desort on a very hot day, when actually there is no water at all.

It is produced by the total internal reflection of light caused by atmospheric refraction.

When a lens is dipped in water then its power decreases and so focal length increases but geometrical nature of the lens does not change. 

A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.

convex lens is used for the treatment of farsightedness.

The ray coming from any point of candle meets at the same point after refraction through half portion, where it meets in case of total lens. So, full image is formed but intensity of image decreases.

Option : C. 1.2-1.4 Kg

Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.

Option : D. Real, inverted

When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don't amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology -linear bus.

Option : A. Convex lens

A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.

Option : A. Convex mirror

Option : B. 2

Data link protocols are sets of specifications used to implement the data link layer. The categories of Data Link protocols are 

1. Asynchronous Protocols

2. Synchronous Protocols 

a. Character Oriented Protocols 

b. Bit Oriented protocols

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.

NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

Correct answer is (A) β = Dλ/d

Correct answer is (A) frequency

Option : D. all of these

Option : D. Ciliary muscles

The correction of errors is more difficult than the detection. In error detection, checks only any error has occurred. In error correction, the exact number of bits that are corrupted and location in the message are known. The number of the errors and the size of the message are important factors.

Correct answer is (A) 9.46 x 10¹⁵ m

Correct answer is (D) l α 1/λ⁴

Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.

Option : D. Five

Option : A. Joule

Correct answer is (A) \(\frac{1}{f} = \left(\frac{\mu_2}{\mu_1} - 1\right)\left(\frac{1}{R_1} - \frac{1}{R_2}\right)\)

Forward error correction is the process in which the receiver tries to guess the message by using redundant bits.

The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.

Option : B. Scattering

Option : D. + 2D

Correct answer is (C) \(\mu = A + \frac{B}{\lambda^2}\)

Correct answer is (D) μ = 1.33

Retransmission is a technique in which the receiver detects the occurrence of an error and asks the sender to resend the message. Resending is repeated until a message arrives that the receiver believes is error-freed.

Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.

There are two conditions for the ray of light to pass undeviated. 

(1) When light is incident normally on the boundary of two mediums. 

(2) When refractive indices of both the mediums are same or mediums on both sides are same i.e. angle of incidence, i = 0°

So the most appropriate option are (a) and (c)

Correct answer is (D) 25 cm

Option : C. 25 cm

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.